Nutritionists and Dietitians in 01342
Marit Harney is a Registered Dietitian, practicing functional nutrition. Her private practice is at AEGIS Physical Therapy in Hadley, MA. She has been in the fitness and nutrition space for 17 years and has worked with a wide variety of patients. She specializes in digestive wellness (IBS, Celiac Disease, IBD, food allergies and sensitivities, GERD etc), though she also commonly helps with the following health concerns: Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, Autoimmune Diseases, Prenatal nutrition, and skin issues (acne, psoriasis, eczema, etc).
Marit Harney is a Registered Dietitian, practicing functional nutrition. Her private practice is at AEGIS Physical Therapy in Hadley, MA. She has been in the fitness and nutrition space for 17 years and has worked with a wide variety of patients. She specializes in digestive wellness (IBS, Celiac Disease, IBD, food allergies and sensitivities, GERD etc), though she also commonly helps with the following health concerns: Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, Autoimmune Diseases, Prenatal nutrition, and skin issues (acne, psoriasis, eczema, etc).
More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby
Ashley Walls specializes in working with clients interested in general healthy eating, and conditions including Eating Disorders, Disordered Eating, Celiac, Crohn's, IBS, Intuitive Eating, Weight Management and more. With 3 years of experience at a residential treatment level, Ashley is well versed on the difficulties associated with cooccurring diagnosis and eating disorder recovery. She believes that all foods fit through practice of balance, variety and moderation. Her past experiences as an athlete and personal trainer has prompted a particular interest in sports nutrition.
Ashley Walls specializes in working with clients interested in general healthy eating, and conditions including Eating Disorders, Disordered Eating, Celiac, Crohn's, IBS, Intuitive Eating, Weight Management and more. With 3 years of experience at a residential treatment level, Ashley is well versed on the difficulties associated with cooccurring diagnosis and eating disorder recovery. She believes that all foods fit through practice of balance, variety and moderation. Her past experiences as an athlete and personal trainer has prompted a particular interest in sports nutrition.
We are a group of Dietitians and Nurse Practitioners here to help you manage and treat a whole host of conditions with lifestyle education including obesity, diabetes, IBS, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, reflux, food allergies and many more. We offer Integrative Nutrition and Wellness one-on-one support, group classes, personal training and supplements to help you reach your health goals. We have a solution that will work for everyone!
We are a group of Dietitians and Nurse Practitioners here to help you manage and treat a whole host of conditions with lifestyle education including obesity, diabetes, IBS, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, reflux, food allergies and many more. We offer Integrative Nutrition and Wellness one-on-one support, group classes, personal training and supplements to help you reach your health goals. We have a solution that will work for everyone!
You’ve spent years feeling like your body is the problem—stuck in cycles of dieting, shame, or disordered eating. Maybe you’re navigating PCOS, diabetes, or IBS and have been told weight loss is the answer, even when it’s made things worse. You’re tired of rigid rules and ready for a new way forward. You want to feel more at ease with food, to care for your health without shame, and to be met with compassion—not judgment. If that sounds like you, you’re in the right place.
You’ve spent years feeling like your body is the problem—stuck in cycles of dieting, shame, or disordered eating. Maybe you’re navigating PCOS, diabetes, or IBS and have been told weight loss is the answer, even when it’s made things worse. You’re tired of rigid rules and ready for a new way forward. You want to feel more at ease with food, to care for your health without shame, and to be met with compassion—not judgment. If that sounds like you, you’re in the right place.
I am a Registered Dietitian (RD) specializing in pediatric and family nutrition. I help children and families with weight concerns (over or underweight), picky eating and food aversions, food allergies, gastrointestinal disorders, and more!
I am a Registered Dietitian (RD) specializing in pediatric and family nutrition. I help children and families with weight concerns (over or underweight), picky eating and food aversions, food allergies, gastrointestinal disorders, and more!
Jennifer has a master of science degree in food and nutrition, is a Registered Dietitian and a yoga teacher. She provides both in person as well as virtual services. For over 15 years, she has provided nutrition related services to thousands of people in a variety of settings including hospitals, psychiatric facilities, community health centers, schools, cafes, bakeries, restaurants and more. For the past decade, she has provided medical nutrition therapy to clients as a licensed dietitian. In 2021 she opened her private practice, Peace and Power LLC. Learn more at www.peaceful-nutrition.com!
Jennifer has a master of science degree in food and nutrition, is a Registered Dietitian and a yoga teacher. She provides both in person as well as virtual services. For over 15 years, she has provided nutrition related services to thousands of people in a variety of settings including hospitals, psychiatric facilities, community health centers, schools, cafes, bakeries, restaurants and more. For the past decade, she has provided medical nutrition therapy to clients as a licensed dietitian. In 2021 she opened her private practice, Peace and Power LLC. Learn more at www.peaceful-nutrition.com!
Do you ever eat beyond the point of fullness or feel guilty for what you ate? Do you find yourself eating for reasons other than hunger? Have you tried a diet (or a lifetime of diets) and "failed," only to put the weight back on...and then some? Are you frustrated by your relationship to food and your body? Do you know what to do but have a hard time following through? If you answered YES to any of these questions, you are not alone and you are in the right place! Happy Valley Nutrition is the Pioneer Valley's ONLY group practice of weight-inclusive, fat-positive, HAES-aligned RDs.
Do you ever eat beyond the point of fullness or feel guilty for what you ate? Do you find yourself eating for reasons other than hunger? Have you tried a diet (or a lifetime of diets) and "failed," only to put the weight back on...and then some? Are you frustrated by your relationship to food and your body? Do you know what to do but have a hard time following through? If you answered YES to any of these questions, you are not alone and you are in the right place! Happy Valley Nutrition is the Pioneer Valley's ONLY group practice of weight-inclusive, fat-positive, HAES-aligned RDs.
What Nourishes You, LLC offers individualized Medical Nutrition Therapy and Nutrition Counseling to inspire health, prevent disease and promote healing. Separating nutrition facts from food fads, we'll explain nutrition research in terms of real food you can put on your plate. Our approach emphasizes affordable and delicious anti-inflammatory whole foods. We may recommend the inclusion or exclusion of certain foods and nutrients to treat disease and optimize health. We take a collaborative approach with you and the members of your healthcare team.
What Nourishes You, LLC offers individualized Medical Nutrition Therapy and Nutrition Counseling to inspire health, prevent disease and promote healing. Separating nutrition facts from food fads, we'll explain nutrition research in terms of real food you can put on your plate. Our approach emphasizes affordable and delicious anti-inflammatory whole foods. We may recommend the inclusion or exclusion of certain foods and nutrients to treat disease and optimize health. We take a collaborative approach with you and the members of your healthcare team.
Areas of specialty include weight management, avoiding or lowering medications for diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol as well as food sensitivities and sports nutrition. I focus on individual's specific nutritional needs from healthy cooking ideas to supporting extreme fitness endeavors. You will receive recommendations for diet and lifestyle changes to meet your personalized needs and goals. Clients keep a detailed food intake and exercise record using a free online log. By supporting gradual changes over time, the priority is to instill a greater balance in clients thereby creating a more permanent transformation to achieve weight, medical and lifestyle goals.
Areas of specialty include weight management, avoiding or lowering medications for diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol as well as food sensitivities and sports nutrition. I focus on individual's specific nutritional needs from healthy cooking ideas to supporting extreme fitness endeavors. You will receive recommendations for diet and lifestyle changes to meet your personalized needs and goals. Clients keep a detailed food intake and exercise record using a free online log. By supporting gradual changes over time, the priority is to instill a greater balance in clients thereby creating a more permanent transformation to achieve weight, medical and lifestyle goals.
Online Dietitians and Nutritionists
What’s included:
HIPAA-protected technology portal access & communications including chat, ability to send private documents, metrics, wearable device connection & more!
Easy, flexible booking. Add your credit card or FSA or HSA card to Healthie and never get charged for anything unexpected
Goal setting and continual reevaluation and reminders of goals and how to get there.
Accountability, accountability, accountability. I’m only successful if I hold you to what you told me you want. We are a team. And my team likes to WIN.
What’s included:
HIPAA-protected technology portal access & communications including chat, ability to send private documents, metrics, wearable device connection & more!
Easy, flexible booking. Add your credit card or FSA or HSA card to Healthie and never get charged for anything unexpected
Goal setting and continual reevaluation and reminders of goals and how to get there.
Accountability, accountability, accountability. I’m only successful if I hold you to what you told me you want. We are a team. And my team likes to WIN.
We’re constantly surrounded by nutrition advice, yet feeling truly nourished can still feel out of reach. As women, our bodies and health needs shift throughout different stages of life —from maintaining consistent energy and focus to navigating the demands of work, family, and daily life. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed by conflicting messages about food, frustrated by diets that never stick, or unsure how to eat in a way that supports their goals without sacrificing enjoyment or balance. My approach is helping you find a way of eating that actually fits your life, supports your well-being, and leaves you feeling your best.
We’re constantly surrounded by nutrition advice, yet feeling truly nourished can still feel out of reach. As women, our bodies and health needs shift throughout different stages of life —from maintaining consistent energy and focus to navigating the demands of work, family, and daily life. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed by conflicting messages about food, frustrated by diets that never stick, or unsure how to eat in a way that supports their goals without sacrificing enjoyment or balance. My approach is helping you find a way of eating that actually fits your life, supports your well-being, and leaves you feeling your best.
With experience working in clinical dietetics, nutrition education, and eating disorder treatment, I've seen just how important a good nutritional foundation is for our physical, mental, and emotional well-being. I see clients via Telehealth in my virtual practice to help with various concerns such as eating disorders and disordered eating, stress management, pregnancy and postpartum nutrition, family nutrition (from introducing solids to picky eaters to growth and development), intuitive eating, health concerns (stress, cardiac issues, blood sugar management, etc.), or just a desire to improve overall health and well-being.
With experience working in clinical dietetics, nutrition education, and eating disorder treatment, I've seen just how important a good nutritional foundation is for our physical, mental, and emotional well-being. I see clients via Telehealth in my virtual practice to help with various concerns such as eating disorders and disordered eating, stress management, pregnancy and postpartum nutrition, family nutrition (from introducing solids to picky eaters to growth and development), intuitive eating, health concerns (stress, cardiac issues, blood sugar management, etc.), or just a desire to improve overall health and well-being.
Hi, I'm Hannah! An anti-diet, HAES-aligned, Registered Dietitian and body image specialist dedicated to helping you heal your relationship with food and cultivate body confidence. I empower clients to find love and compassion for themselves as well as freedom from chronic dieting and disordered eating. My work guides clients to rewire thinking about food and eating to ditch dieting for good and finally feel freedom and peace around food. I uses somatic meditations to teach individuals to interpret and respond to the hidden messages lying within the physical body.
Hi, I'm Hannah! An anti-diet, HAES-aligned, Registered Dietitian and body image specialist dedicated to helping you heal your relationship with food and cultivate body confidence. I empower clients to find love and compassion for themselves as well as freedom from chronic dieting and disordered eating. My work guides clients to rewire thinking about food and eating to ditch dieting for good and finally feel freedom and peace around food. I uses somatic meditations to teach individuals to interpret and respond to the hidden messages lying within the physical body.
Gwen is a Registered Dietitian with over 25 years of experience in the field of Nutrition and the owner of Sage Nutrition Solutions. She is a Licensed Dietitian Nutritionist in both Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Gwen is an advocate of balanced nutrition and has an all foods can fit into a healthy lifestyle philosophy. Using a science-based, individualized approach, Gwen's nutritional counseling, support, and guidance will help you manage your overall health, prevent and treat new or chronic conditions, optimize exercise performance, and build a healthy relationship with food and body.
Gwen is a Registered Dietitian with over 25 years of experience in the field of Nutrition and the owner of Sage Nutrition Solutions. She is a Licensed Dietitian Nutritionist in both Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Gwen is an advocate of balanced nutrition and has an all foods can fit into a healthy lifestyle philosophy. Using a science-based, individualized approach, Gwen's nutritional counseling, support, and guidance will help you manage your overall health, prevent and treat new or chronic conditions, optimize exercise performance, and build a healthy relationship with food and body.
At Dear Nutrition we specialize in digestive health and eating disorders and have a particular interest in how the two intersect. For clients struggling with digestive issues, we help make changes to overcome pain and discomfort from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), bloating, GERD/reflux, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, ulcerative colitis, gastroparesis, and other GI-related conditions.
At Dear Nutrition we specialize in digestive health and eating disorders and have a particular interest in how the two intersect. For clients struggling with digestive issues, we help make changes to overcome pain and discomfort from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), bloating, GERD/reflux, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, ulcerative colitis, gastroparesis, and other GI-related conditions.
Oceanside Nutrition | Intuitive Eating
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
1 Endorsed
Newburyport, MA 01950
Let’s face it — nutrition is a polarizing topic these days. It seems like no one can seem to agree on even the simplest nutrition questions (thanks social media and diet culture!). And even when we’re given sound advice, actually making changes to our eating habits can feel impossible.
That’s why we’re here— we believe that everyone deserves evidence-based nutrition guidance and the support to make healthy changes stick. Our team of expert Registered Dietitian Nutritionists have supported thousands of clients in building lasting healthy eating routines and in establishing peaceful relationships with food.
Let’s face it — nutrition is a polarizing topic these days. It seems like no one can seem to agree on even the simplest nutrition questions (thanks social media and diet culture!). And even when we’re given sound advice, actually making changes to our eating habits can feel impossible.
That’s why we’re here— we believe that everyone deserves evidence-based nutrition guidance and the support to make healthy changes stick. Our team of expert Registered Dietitian Nutritionists have supported thousands of clients in building lasting healthy eating routines and in establishing peaceful relationships with food.
I'm here to walk alongside you as you build nourishing habits that feel sustainable for your life—whether you're healing from a challenging relationship with food or navigating health concerns without the weight obsession cycle.
Here's what I've learned through my own journey and years of practice: nutrition behavior change isn't just about what's on your plate. It's about zooming out to notice the bigger patterns that influence your eating, getting practical about the day-to-day realities (meal planning, cooking, the mental load of it all), and tuning into your internal world—thoughts, emotions, and what your body is telling you.
I'm here to walk alongside you as you build nourishing habits that feel sustainable for your life—whether you're healing from a challenging relationship with food or navigating health concerns without the weight obsession cycle.
Here's what I've learned through my own journey and years of practice: nutrition behavior change isn't just about what's on your plate. It's about zooming out to notice the bigger patterns that influence your eating, getting practical about the day-to-day realities (meal planning, cooking, the mental load of it all), and tuning into your internal world—thoughts, emotions, and what your body is telling you.
There are so many messages out there these days that tell us what and how we "should" eat. These messages tell us to abide by prescriptive “diets” or practices, and can keep us from trusting or connecting with ourselves. If you’re ready to break free from diet culture, and are hoping to restore your relationship with food, body and/or movement, but are wondering where to start, I’m here to help!
There are so many messages out there these days that tell us what and how we "should" eat. These messages tell us to abide by prescriptive “diets” or practices, and can keep us from trusting or connecting with ourselves. If you’re ready to break free from diet culture, and are hoping to restore your relationship with food, body and/or movement, but are wondering where to start, I’m here to help!
As an anti-diet, HAES-aligned dietitian, I believe that restrictive diets can lead to harmful patterns of behavior that have real physical and emotional consequences. I support clients from all walks of life through disordered eating, chronic dieting, and binge and emotional eating. I also have a special interest in family feeding including children and families with selective (picky) eating and ARFID as well as growth, development, and weight concerns.
As an anti-diet, HAES-aligned dietitian, I believe that restrictive diets can lead to harmful patterns of behavior that have real physical and emotional consequences. I support clients from all walks of life through disordered eating, chronic dieting, and binge and emotional eating. I also have a special interest in family feeding including children and families with selective (picky) eating and ARFID as well as growth, development, and weight concerns.
Ashley Vazquez is a non-diet certified eating disorder specialist and IAEDP approved consultant working to help individuals with eating disorders, disordered eating, negative body image, and chronic dieting, improve their relationship with food since 2012. Ashley's goal in working with clients is to help them find freedom from food and achieve optimal health. Ashley has experience working with individuals in a variety of care settings (inpatient, residential, partial hospitalization programs, and outpatient) and truly believes the importance of strong team approach.
Ashley Vazquez is a non-diet certified eating disorder specialist and IAEDP approved consultant working to help individuals with eating disorders, disordered eating, negative body image, and chronic dieting, improve their relationship with food since 2012. Ashley's goal in working with clients is to help them find freedom from food and achieve optimal health. Ashley has experience working with individuals in a variety of care settings (inpatient, residential, partial hospitalization programs, and outpatient) and truly believes the importance of strong team approach.
FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians
How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in 01342?
To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.
When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.
When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.
What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?
The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.
A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.
In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.
A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.
In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.
When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?
Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.
Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.
Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.
Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?
A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.
How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?
The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.
Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?
If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.
Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.
Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.