Nutritionists and Dietitians in Kemah, TX
Following a no-diet approach, my team and I help clients achieve realistic changes through long-term support for lifetime success. No more short-lived diets, quick-fix supplements, Weight Watchers, or MLM products . Just real food solutions grounded in a functional medicine approach. We partner with individuals who are ready to put in the work and see realistic, sustainable results. We have a team of 4 dietitians with unique specialties (such as hormones and gut health) as well as therapists who support clients on the mental health side of their journey.
Following a no-diet approach, my team and I help clients achieve realistic changes through long-term support for lifetime success. No more short-lived diets, quick-fix supplements, Weight Watchers, or MLM products . Just real food solutions grounded in a functional medicine approach. We partner with individuals who are ready to put in the work and see realistic, sustainable results. We have a team of 4 dietitians with unique specialties (such as hormones and gut health) as well as therapists who support clients on the mental health side of their journey.
More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby
Being vegetarian is awesome. It can help your kidneys too, especially if you have been diagnosed with CKD. Patients often struggle to find the right diet for kidneys or are trying to make sense of 'food lists' given to them by their physician, not realizing that a renal diet is much more than a list of do's and don'ts. Timely nutrition therapy can delay or completely avoid the need for dialysis. That's huge! This is the opportunity window that many patients miss, ending up on dialysis, which in many cases, is life-long.
Being vegetarian is awesome. It can help your kidneys too, especially if you have been diagnosed with CKD. Patients often struggle to find the right diet for kidneys or are trying to make sense of 'food lists' given to them by their physician, not realizing that a renal diet is much more than a list of do's and don'ts. Timely nutrition therapy can delay or completely avoid the need for dialysis. That's huge! This is the opportunity window that many patients miss, ending up on dialysis, which in many cases, is life-long.
Manal Qadeer, MS, RD, LDN is a trauma-informed registered dietitian who helps clients heal their relationship with food and their bodies through a compassionate, collaborative approach. With over six years of experience in both nutrition and mental health settings, she specializes in supporting individuals navigating anxiety, trauma, disordered eating, and the emotional side of nourishment.
Manal’s philosophy is grounded in Health at Every Size, All Foods Fit, and the belief that every body is a good body. She creates a safe, judgment-free space where you can feel truly heard, understood, and empowered to move at your own pace tow
Manal Qadeer, MS, RD, LDN is a trauma-informed registered dietitian who helps clients heal their relationship with food and their bodies through a compassionate, collaborative approach. With over six years of experience in both nutrition and mental health settings, she specializes in supporting individuals navigating anxiety, trauma, disordered eating, and the emotional side of nourishment.
Manal’s philosophy is grounded in Health at Every Size, All Foods Fit, and the belief that every body is a good body. She creates a safe, judgment-free space where you can feel truly heard, understood, and empowered to move at your own pace tow
Yun Ze (Rose) is a passionate dietitian who focuses on disease prevention and disease management. Rose strives to provide her clients with non-judgmental, wholesome and evidence-based research that will set them up for long-term success.My professional journey into nutrition started when I pursued nursing in Singapore. I found the food choices and variety to be subpar in schools, hospitals, nursing homes, and even grocery stores! This set me on a path to learn more about how nutrition impacts one's life and longevity.
Yun Ze (Rose) is a passionate dietitian who focuses on disease prevention and disease management. Rose strives to provide her clients with non-judgmental, wholesome and evidence-based research that will set them up for long-term success.My professional journey into nutrition started when I pursued nursing in Singapore. I found the food choices and variety to be subpar in schools, hospitals, nursing homes, and even grocery stores! This set me on a path to learn more about how nutrition impacts one's life and longevity.
Do you feel like you've tried everything for your digestion or weight, but nothing sticks? Are you navigating a new medical diagnosis like Diabetes, IBS, or SIBO and feeling overwhelmed by conflicting advice?
It is exhausting to battle chronic bloating, unpredictable blood sugar, or weight fluctuations while trying to keep up with a busy life. You might feel like food has become the enemy. You don't need a rigid diet that adds more stress to your day; you need a partner who understands the medical science and the reality of your daily lifestyle to help you find balance.
Do you feel like you've tried everything for your digestion or weight, but nothing sticks? Are you navigating a new medical diagnosis like Diabetes, IBS, or SIBO and feeling overwhelmed by conflicting advice?
It is exhausting to battle chronic bloating, unpredictable blood sugar, or weight fluctuations while trying to keep up with a busy life. You might feel like food has become the enemy. You don't need a rigid diet that adds more stress to your day; you need a partner who understands the medical science and the reality of your daily lifestyle to help you find balance.
Hi there, I’m Carly (She/her). I’m so glad that you’re here! I’m a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist and Licensed Dietitian practicing in Texas. I received a Bachelor’s of Science in Nutrition with a business minor from the University of Texas at Austin. I currently live in Austin, Tx with my husband, two children, and new puppy. In my free time you can find me enjoying beautiful weather (aka not the Texas summer) outside, going for long drives around Austin, and experimenting in the kitchen…and let’s be honest, probably at some school, social or extra-curricular related event for my kids.
Hi there, I’m Carly (She/her). I’m so glad that you’re here! I’m a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist and Licensed Dietitian practicing in Texas. I received a Bachelor’s of Science in Nutrition with a business minor from the University of Texas at Austin. I currently live in Austin, Tx with my husband, two children, and new puppy. In my free time you can find me enjoying beautiful weather (aka not the Texas summer) outside, going for long drives around Austin, and experimenting in the kitchen…and let’s be honest, probably at some school, social or extra-curricular related event for my kids.
Growing up the daughter of athletic parents, I became interested in sports, wellness and nutrition at a young age. As a competitive gymnast and diver in college, I found it fascinating that what you ate could effect your sports performance. This lead me down the path to becoming a registered dietitian. I am passionate about helping people of all kinds meet their goals through nutrition and wellness and live a healthier life. Each client has their own personal plan that we devise together, so that it is something they can utilize long term.
Growing up the daughter of athletic parents, I became interested in sports, wellness and nutrition at a young age. As a competitive gymnast and diver in college, I found it fascinating that what you ate could effect your sports performance. This lead me down the path to becoming a registered dietitian. I am passionate about helping people of all kinds meet their goals through nutrition and wellness and live a healthier life. Each client has their own personal plan that we devise together, so that it is something they can utilize long term.
Are you someone who has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease or has new allergies and is overwhelmed with where to begin with your diet? Do you need a clear plan to follow to put you on the right track and feel like you are back in control of your health again? Do you want to know the "why" behind the recommendations that you have been told? If this sounds like you, then working together could be a great fit! Not only do I want to work with you to help you reach your goals and find food freedom with your diagnoses, but I want to teach you the reason behind the "why" so that you feel confident and comfortable with your diet!
Are you someone who has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease or has new allergies and is overwhelmed with where to begin with your diet? Do you need a clear plan to follow to put you on the right track and feel like you are back in control of your health again? Do you want to know the "why" behind the recommendations that you have been told? If this sounds like you, then working together could be a great fit! Not only do I want to work with you to help you reach your goals and find food freedom with your diagnoses, but I want to teach you the reason behind the "why" so that you feel confident and comfortable with your diet!
Nutritional Therapy involves an evidence-based approach addressing the underlying cause of dysfunction. Instead of simply treating symptoms for temporary relief, this approach seeks to restore balance to the entire system by addressing the underlying cause of the symptom(s). Once homeostasis is restored, many frustrating symptoms may resolve over time. Our comprehensive approach includes a detailed health history, diagnostic testing as needed, a review of blood lab results, and an in-depth analysis of a food journal. We strive to gain a complete understanding of any areas where dysfunction may exist so that w
Nutritional Therapy involves an evidence-based approach addressing the underlying cause of dysfunction. Instead of simply treating symptoms for temporary relief, this approach seeks to restore balance to the entire system by addressing the underlying cause of the symptom(s). Once homeostasis is restored, many frustrating symptoms may resolve over time. Our comprehensive approach includes a detailed health history, diagnostic testing as needed, a review of blood lab results, and an in-depth analysis of a food journal. We strive to gain a complete understanding of any areas where dysfunction may exist so that w
My journey through health and wellness has not been easy. I used to be overweight and changed my life after losing 80 pounds. As a Dietitian, now I'm helping my clients do the same.
I specialize in fat loss, building muscle, sports performance, and improving or reversing metabolic diseases like diabetes, high cholesterol, etc..
And to do that,
You don't have to cut out your favorite foods.
You don't need to obsess over endless cardio.
You don't have to spend hours in the gym.
Fitness should add to your life. Our mission is to help you become the healthiest, strongest version of yourself - inside and out.
My journey through health and wellness has not been easy. I used to be overweight and changed my life after losing 80 pounds. As a Dietitian, now I'm helping my clients do the same.
I specialize in fat loss, building muscle, sports performance, and improving or reversing metabolic diseases like diabetes, high cholesterol, etc..
And to do that,
You don't have to cut out your favorite foods.
You don't need to obsess over endless cardio.
You don't have to spend hours in the gym.
Fitness should add to your life. Our mission is to help you become the healthiest, strongest version of yourself - inside and out.
From the solace of your home, I will work with you to use food as medicine and put short and long term diet-based solutions into action. As an Integrative and Functional Dietitian and Diabetes Educator, I can use nutrition science with labs, genetics, and your observations to help you not only get well but feel better for life! Common issues I help people with include digestive problems, PCOS, testosterone support, DIABETES, high blood pressure, anxiety/depression, hypothyroidism, sensitivity-related illness, and weight management. However, if you have no named illness and just feel awful, I am here for you.
From the solace of your home, I will work with you to use food as medicine and put short and long term diet-based solutions into action. As an Integrative and Functional Dietitian and Diabetes Educator, I can use nutrition science with labs, genetics, and your observations to help you not only get well but feel better for life! Common issues I help people with include digestive problems, PCOS, testosterone support, DIABETES, high blood pressure, anxiety/depression, hypothyroidism, sensitivity-related illness, and weight management. However, if you have no named illness and just feel awful, I am here for you.
You feel stuck in constant binge/restrict cycles or yoyo-dieting. Every time you think you have a handle on your emotional eating, you fall off again. You feel unsafe or chaotic in your body, exhausted by control, yet unsure how to let it go. You've been struggling with an eating disorder or disorder eating for a while now, possibly alongside other health concerns. At the core, these are the people I help. I’ve been you. I've walked this path, found my way out of an eating disorder, and healed my own gut. I understand the shame cycles, the judgement, and the frustration that come with it.
You feel stuck in constant binge/restrict cycles or yoyo-dieting. Every time you think you have a handle on your emotional eating, you fall off again. You feel unsafe or chaotic in your body, exhausted by control, yet unsure how to let it go. You've been struggling with an eating disorder or disorder eating for a while now, possibly alongside other health concerns. At the core, these are the people I help. I’ve been you. I've walked this path, found my way out of an eating disorder, and healed my own gut. I understand the shame cycles, the judgement, and the frustration that come with it.
Adolescent Eating Disorder & Disordered Eating Treatment: Hi, I’m Julia Fickenscher, a Registered Dietitian specializing in eating disorders and disordered eating in teens. I support adolescents navigating anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder, OSFED, and ARFID. If your child is avoiding meals or becoming fixated on their body, you’re not alone—and they can get better. My approach is compassionate, developmentally informed, and rooted in medical nutrition therapy, intuitive eating, and Health at Every Size. I work closely with families and care teams to create a safe, supportive path to healing.
Adolescent Eating Disorder & Disordered Eating Treatment: Hi, I’m Julia Fickenscher, a Registered Dietitian specializing in eating disorders and disordered eating in teens. I support adolescents navigating anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder, OSFED, and ARFID. If your child is avoiding meals or becoming fixated on their body, you’re not alone—and they can get better. My approach is compassionate, developmentally informed, and rooted in medical nutrition therapy, intuitive eating, and Health at Every Size. I work closely with families and care teams to create a safe, supportive path to healing.
I am a Registered Dietitian and Certified Diabetes Educator. My goal is to help clients make peace with food. Whether you have been struggling with an eating disorder or are a mom looking to find peace at family meals, I am here to help. I have received specialized training in eating disorders, intuitive eating, women's health, pediatrics, and diabetes. I work with clients of all ages, including children who are picky eaters, adolescents with eating disorders or other nutrition concerns, and adults who are looking to improve their health and relationship with food.
I am a Registered Dietitian and Certified Diabetes Educator. My goal is to help clients make peace with food. Whether you have been struggling with an eating disorder or are a mom looking to find peace at family meals, I am here to help. I have received specialized training in eating disorders, intuitive eating, women's health, pediatrics, and diabetes. I work with clients of all ages, including children who are picky eaters, adolescents with eating disorders or other nutrition concerns, and adults who are looking to improve their health and relationship with food.
Muriel Doyle is a gifted educator and motivator. Her knack for identifying her clients' specific lifestyle challenges and creating a plan for successful improvement is one of her many strengths. She knows that education is only one of the many pillars for change. She understands the critical need to provide her clients with motivation and support using all available technology to be in contact with her clients beyond office visit. She uses HIPPAA compliant and user friendly computer and phone/i-pad app video conferencing and messaging to facilitate an ongoing support. She offers services with flue in English, Spanish and French.
Muriel Doyle is a gifted educator and motivator. Her knack for identifying her clients' specific lifestyle challenges and creating a plan for successful improvement is one of her many strengths. She knows that education is only one of the many pillars for change. She understands the critical need to provide her clients with motivation and support using all available technology to be in contact with her clients beyond office visit. She uses HIPPAA compliant and user friendly computer and phone/i-pad app video conferencing and messaging to facilitate an ongoing support. She offers services with flue in English, Spanish and French.
Rocky is a registered dietitian who has been in the field of dietetics for 5 years. She specializes in working with folks affected by/with disordered eating, eating disorders, body dysmorphia, and wanting to learn mindful and intuitive eating. She includes a health at every size (HAES) approach and really enjoys working with LGBTQ+IA folks struggling with their relationship with food. Rocky's approach to nutrition care is direct but kind, openness with understanding, and an overall "intensive care bear" approach. Her main job is to listen to you in the moment, provide feedback, help you set and reach specific goals.
Rocky is a registered dietitian who has been in the field of dietetics for 5 years. She specializes in working with folks affected by/with disordered eating, eating disorders, body dysmorphia, and wanting to learn mindful and intuitive eating. She includes a health at every size (HAES) approach and really enjoys working with LGBTQ+IA folks struggling with their relationship with food. Rocky's approach to nutrition care is direct but kind, openness with understanding, and an overall "intensive care bear" approach. Her main job is to listen to you in the moment, provide feedback, help you set and reach specific goals.
I am a registered dietitian with over 13 years of experience helping individuals make lifestyle changes to improve their health and achieve their goals. I practice with empathy and understanding in a nonjudgmental environment where you can truly be yourself and trust that you will be fully supported.
I am a registered dietitian with over 13 years of experience helping individuals make lifestyle changes to improve their health and achieve their goals. I practice with empathy and understanding in a nonjudgmental environment where you can truly be yourself and trust that you will be fully supported.
My Goal is to provide the most updated nutrition medical information to address the whole individual. Liliana Aguilar is a bilingual licensed and registered dietitian in private practice who lectures and develops nutrition education seminars, provides medical nutrition therapy to patients, as well as referred individuals. Gives lectures to corporations, colleges and support groups. Has served as a Dietitian on Staff for The YMCA, out patient dietitian for The Houston Area Community Services for 5+ years, Spring Branch Community Services and eight years as adjunct faculty in the science department at Houston Community College.
My Goal is to provide the most updated nutrition medical information to address the whole individual. Liliana Aguilar is a bilingual licensed and registered dietitian in private practice who lectures and develops nutrition education seminars, provides medical nutrition therapy to patients, as well as referred individuals. Gives lectures to corporations, colleges and support groups. Has served as a Dietitian on Staff for The YMCA, out patient dietitian for The Houston Area Community Services for 5+ years, Spring Branch Community Services and eight years as adjunct faculty in the science department at Houston Community College.
My mission is to provide the community with safe, effective, and natural answers to health concerns. It is to make sick people well and to keep healthy people healthy. I have great success with ADHD, allergies/asthma/sinus, anxiety, arthritis, bladder dysfunction, bronchitis, chronic fatigue, colitis, cold, depression, digestive disorders, detox, eczema, fibromyalgia, heart related conditions, high cholesterol, infertility, insomnia, joint issues, pain, migraines, PMS, menopause, slow metabolism, stress, thyroid disorders, weight management, Lyme disease, diabetes, etc.
My mission is to provide the community with safe, effective, and natural answers to health concerns. It is to make sick people well and to keep healthy people healthy. I have great success with ADHD, allergies/asthma/sinus, anxiety, arthritis, bladder dysfunction, bronchitis, chronic fatigue, colitis, cold, depression, digestive disorders, detox, eczema, fibromyalgia, heart related conditions, high cholesterol, infertility, insomnia, joint issues, pain, migraines, PMS, menopause, slow metabolism, stress, thyroid disorders, weight management, Lyme disease, diabetes, etc.
FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians
How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in Kemah?
To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.
When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.
When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.
What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?
The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.
A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.
In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.
A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.
In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.
When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?
Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.
Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.
Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.
Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?
A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.
How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?
The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.
Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?
If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.
Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.
Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.