Nutritionists and Dietitians in 97225

Photo of Colin Turner, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Colin Turner
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Portland, OR 97225
As a registered dietitian with specialized training in sports nutrition and mental wellness, I offer personalized, science-informed nutrition counseling for athletes of all ages and abilities.
As a registered dietitian with specialized training in sports nutrition and mental wellness, I offer personalized, science-informed nutrition counseling for athletes of all ages and abilities.
(971) 308-4949 x102 View (971) 308-4949 x102
Photo of Caitlyn Dmoch, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CNSC
Caitlyn Dmoch
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CNSC
3 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97225
Caitlyn is a Registered Dietitian who works with clients ready to take charge of their health and make lasting changes. She understands that each person's relationship with food is deeply personal and strives to work alongside you in partnership. Caitlyn strongly believes that education is the key to meaningful behavior change, empowering her clients with the information they need to make informed decisions. She is ready to be your partner on your health journey, making the process achievable, sustainable, and—most importantly—enjoyable!
Caitlyn is a Registered Dietitian who works with clients ready to take charge of their health and make lasting changes. She understands that each person's relationship with food is deeply personal and strives to work alongside you in partnership. Caitlyn strongly believes that education is the key to meaningful behavior change, empowering her clients with the information they need to make informed decisions. She is ready to be your partner on your health journey, making the process achievable, sustainable, and—most importantly—enjoyable!
(312) 374-5399 View (312) 374-5399
Photo of Ariela Nielson - Nielson Nutrition & Diabetes Care, LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDCES, LD, CD
Nielson Nutrition & Diabetes Care, LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDCES, LD, CD
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Managing diabetes is a full time job, but what if there was a way to simplify it? Having type 1 diabetes myself, I aim to help you reduce the burden of living with diabetes through education and technology. I provide holistic care to help you balance all areas of health, and collaborate with you and your healthcare team to create a personalized management plan.
Managing diabetes is a full time job, but what if there was a way to simplify it? Having type 1 diabetes myself, I aim to help you reduce the burden of living with diabetes through education and technology. I provide holistic care to help you balance all areas of health, and collaborate with you and your healthcare team to create a personalized management plan.
(971) 298-7784 View (971) 298-7784

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Photo of Hannah Saffold, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
Hannah Saffold
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you ready for to change your relationship with food and your body but unsure where to start? Are you confused about what to eat? Do you tend to talk yourself out of change, feel overwhelmed, or self-sabotage? Hi, I'm Hannah and with me, you can expect a warm and process-oriented nutrition therapy style that addresses your goals, as well as support in working through roadblocks that have kept you stuck in the past. Together, I support you in finding more balance and ease with your eating by developing more trust and confidence in yourself and your body.
Are you ready for to change your relationship with food and your body but unsure where to start? Are you confused about what to eat? Do you tend to talk yourself out of change, feel overwhelmed, or self-sabotage? Hi, I'm Hannah and with me, you can expect a warm and process-oriented nutrition therapy style that addresses your goals, as well as support in working through roadblocks that have kept you stuck in the past. Together, I support you in finding more balance and ease with your eating by developing more trust and confidence in yourself and your body.
(458) 243-4763 View (458) 243-4763
Photo of Jody Halouska, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, CDCES
Jody Halouska
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, CDCES
Portland, OR 97215
Jody is a passionate advocate for health, wellness, and feeling your best. Jody is committed to empowering individuals to make positive and sustainable lifestyle changes. Jody strives to provide personalized guidance to help clients achieve their health goals and create a harmonious relationship with food. Recognizing that each individual's relationship with food is unique, Jody works to create a supportive and non-judgmental environment where clients feel empowered to explore their dietary preferences, navigate challenges and cultivate sustainable habits that align with their goals and values.
Jody is a passionate advocate for health, wellness, and feeling your best. Jody is committed to empowering individuals to make positive and sustainable lifestyle changes. Jody strives to provide personalized guidance to help clients achieve their health goals and create a harmonious relationship with food. Recognizing that each individual's relationship with food is unique, Jody works to create a supportive and non-judgmental environment where clients feel empowered to explore their dietary preferences, navigate challenges and cultivate sustainable habits that align with their goals and values.
(872) 259-7074 View (872) 259-7074
Photo of Carra Joseph, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LRD, LD
Carra Joseph
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LRD, LD
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Carra is a Registered Dietitian (RD) who recognizes that nutrition is both universal and deeply personal. Nutrition isn’t just about eating—culture, goals, preferences, and habits all shape how we fuel ourselves. Carra provides a nonjudgmental space where individuals can connect nutrition and wellness and feel empowered to make sustainable changes.
Carra is a Registered Dietitian (RD) who recognizes that nutrition is both universal and deeply personal. Nutrition isn’t just about eating—culture, goals, preferences, and habits all shape how we fuel ourselves. Carra provides a nonjudgmental space where individuals can connect nutrition and wellness and feel empowered to make sustainable changes.
(980) 575-0909 View (980) 575-0909
Photo of Brayden Goldblatt, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
Brayden Goldblatt
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Brayden is a registered dietitian with a passion for health and wellness. She supports clients through realistic, sustainable lifestyle changes using a compassionate, inclusive, and client-centered approach. Brayden blends evidence-based nutrition with practical habits to help clients feel their best in the long term. She creates a safe, non-judgmental space for exploring goals and challenges, offering personalized counseling and education to build lasting, meaningful change.
Brayden is a registered dietitian with a passion for health and wellness. She supports clients through realistic, sustainable lifestyle changes using a compassionate, inclusive, and client-centered approach. Brayden blends evidence-based nutrition with practical habits to help clients feel their best in the long term. She creates a safe, non-judgmental space for exploring goals and challenges, offering personalized counseling and education to build lasting, meaningful change.
(971) 365-3205 View (971) 365-3205
Photo of Addison Hagge, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
Addison Hagge
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Addison is a registered dietitian who works to understand your needs by taking a comprehensive and personalized approach to nutrition therapy. She believes in weight-inclusive care, Health at Every Size, and strives to help her clients find balance with nutrition, movement, and their bodies. You can expect Addison to listen to you, support you, and provide you with the tools to find healing and balance. She will work with you to find ways to achieve your goals and understand the challenges you face. She is devoted to providing you with the most effective and up-to-date nutrition care and information possible.
Addison is a registered dietitian who works to understand your needs by taking a comprehensive and personalized approach to nutrition therapy. She believes in weight-inclusive care, Health at Every Size, and strives to help her clients find balance with nutrition, movement, and their bodies. You can expect Addison to listen to you, support you, and provide you with the tools to find healing and balance. She will work with you to find ways to achieve your goals and understand the challenges you face. She is devoted to providing you with the most effective and up-to-date nutrition care and information possible.
(410) 886-7744 View (410) 886-7744
Photo of Jessianna Saville, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CSR, LD, CLT
Jessianna Saville
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CSR, LD, CLT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Autoimmune kidney disease, CKD stages 3-5, PKD, and complex kidney disease are my specialty. You have likely spent hours on the internet researching and still are feel confused or feel overwhelmed by putting all the pieces together. If that is you, you've come to the right place for help. From shopping lists to healthy recipes you can have the information and tools needed to find success. My clients tell me it is the best thing they’ve done for themselves in their kidney health journey. You can preserve your kidney function so that you can avoid or push back the possibilities of dialysis or other invasive procedures..
Autoimmune kidney disease, CKD stages 3-5, PKD, and complex kidney disease are my specialty. You have likely spent hours on the internet researching and still are feel confused or feel overwhelmed by putting all the pieces together. If that is you, you've come to the right place for help. From shopping lists to healthy recipes you can have the information and tools needed to find success. My clients tell me it is the best thing they’ve done for themselves in their kidney health journey. You can preserve your kidney function so that you can avoid or push back the possibilities of dialysis or other invasive procedures..
(443) 917-3889 View (443) 917-3889
Photo of Solveig Adalsteinsdottir, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Solveig Adalsteinsdottir
Nutritionist/Dietitian
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Solveig is a Registered Dietitian who specializes in women's health, fertility, and PCOS. She fosters a supportive and non-judgmental environment where clients can explore their relationship with food and learn to make mindful choices that nourish both body and soul. Solveig believes in a holistic, non-diet approach to nutrition counseling, empowering clients to be the expert of their own body. She believes her job as a dietitian is to share evidence-based knowledge, provide nutrition education, and help reframe limiting beliefs while respecting client's autonomy regarding their health choices.
Solveig is a Registered Dietitian who specializes in women's health, fertility, and PCOS. She fosters a supportive and non-judgmental environment where clients can explore their relationship with food and learn to make mindful choices that nourish both body and soul. Solveig believes in a holistic, non-diet approach to nutrition counseling, empowering clients to be the expert of their own body. She believes her job as a dietitian is to share evidence-based knowledge, provide nutrition education, and help reframe limiting beliefs while respecting client's autonomy regarding their health choices.
(316) 389-2685 View (316) 389-2685
Photo of Yvoney Cao, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Yvoney Cao
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Hillsboro, OR 97124
At Everhope Nutrition, we support individuals seeking a healthier and more peaceful relationship with food, body image, and overall wellness. Many of our clients struggle with chronic dieting, emotional eating, weight concerns, digestive issues, eating disorders, or health conditions such as diabetes and PCOS. We provide compassionate, evidence-based nutrition counseling tailored to each person’s lifestyle, culture, and goals, helping clients build sustainable habits instead of quick fixes.
At Everhope Nutrition, we support individuals seeking a healthier and more peaceful relationship with food, body image, and overall wellness. Many of our clients struggle with chronic dieting, emotional eating, weight concerns, digestive issues, eating disorders, or health conditions such as diabetes and PCOS. We provide compassionate, evidence-based nutrition counseling tailored to each person’s lifestyle, culture, and goals, helping clients build sustainable habits instead of quick fixes.
(971) 278-9430 View (971) 278-9430
Photo of Carol Burtnack, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN, CEDS
Carol Burtnack
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN, CEDS
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97233
Carol is a Registered Dietitian and Certified Eating Disorder Specialist dedicated to supporting individuals in their recovery and health-driven goals. Her approach to nutrition emphasizes a size-inclusive framework, prioritizing peace with food and fostering a healthy relationship with the body. Carol utilizes patient-centered care to provide a non-diet approach to nutrition.
Carol is a Registered Dietitian and Certified Eating Disorder Specialist dedicated to supporting individuals in their recovery and health-driven goals. Her approach to nutrition emphasizes a size-inclusive framework, prioritizing peace with food and fostering a healthy relationship with the body. Carol utilizes patient-centered care to provide a non-diet approach to nutrition.
(904) 650-3991 View (904) 650-3991
Photo of Chelsea Saltzman, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Chelsea Saltzman
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
4 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97212
My ideal client can be of any age or background. They may be seeking weight loss, better performance, improved labs, muscle gain, or a healthier relationship with food. What matters most is that they’re open to problem-solving—willing to examine habits with curiosity, apply evidence practically, and use accountability to measure progress. They understand that change requires consistency, reflection, and course correction; if they’re not fully ready, they’re willing to explore what’s in the way.
My ideal client can be of any age or background. They may be seeking weight loss, better performance, improved labs, muscle gain, or a healthier relationship with food. What matters most is that they’re open to problem-solving—willing to examine habits with curiosity, apply evidence practically, and use accountability to measure progress. They understand that change requires consistency, reflection, and course correction; if they’re not fully ready, they’re willing to explore what’s in the way.
(312) 374-5399 View (312) 374-5399
Photo of Kristen Nyampong, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
Kristen Nyampong
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
Serves Area
My name is Kristen Nyampong, and I’m a Registered Dietitian based in the Dallas–Fort Worth area. I take a person-centered, trauma-informed, and weight-inclusive approach to care. I’m especially passionate about working with individuals in the BIPOC community and those who are vegan, vegetarian, or plant-forward.
My name is Kristen Nyampong, and I’m a Registered Dietitian based in the Dallas–Fort Worth area. I take a person-centered, trauma-informed, and weight-inclusive approach to care. I’m especially passionate about working with individuals in the BIPOC community and those who are vegan, vegetarian, or plant-forward.
(331) 259-8859 View (331) 259-8859
Photo of Chloe Whaley - Nutrition Made Simple, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LD
Nutrition Made Simple
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LD
Beaverton, OR 97005
My ideal client feels overwhelmed by the constant noise of viral wellness trends and "quick-fix" advice that often leaves them feeling more confused than when they started. They aren't looking for a generic PDF; they need a personalized approach with realistic goals that honor their culture, busy schedule, and unique food preferences. Whether you are managing a chronic illness, transitioning to a plant-based lifestyle, or learning to trust your body through intuitive eating, I provide the evidence-based clarity you need to trade "misinformation fatigue" for a sustainable, empowered path forward.
My ideal client feels overwhelmed by the constant noise of viral wellness trends and "quick-fix" advice that often leaves them feeling more confused than when they started. They aren't looking for a generic PDF; they need a personalized approach with realistic goals that honor their culture, busy schedule, and unique food preferences. Whether you are managing a chronic illness, transitioning to a plant-based lifestyle, or learning to trust your body through intuitive eating, I provide the evidence-based clarity you need to trade "misinformation fatigue" for a sustainable, empowered path forward.
(971) 309-8971 View (971) 309-8971
Photo of Brittany Norem, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Brittany Norem
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
3 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97224
Brittany is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist with Health Loft who works collaboratively with clients to create life-long and sustainable changes. Brittany understands that change takes time and works with client’s to find this balance in nutrition and daily movement. Through open discussion during sessions, client's will learn how to establish daily patterns that ultimately create healthy habits for long-term success. Brittany believes there is no one perfect diet and works with you to find the dietary interventions best suited for your health journey.
Brittany is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist with Health Loft who works collaboratively with clients to create life-long and sustainable changes. Brittany understands that change takes time and works with client’s to find this balance in nutrition and daily movement. Through open discussion during sessions, client's will learn how to establish daily patterns that ultimately create healthy habits for long-term success. Brittany believes there is no one perfect diet and works with you to find the dietary interventions best suited for your health journey.
(904) 467-7389 View (904) 467-7389
Photo of Alexia Beauregard, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CSP, LD
Alexia Beauregard
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CSP, LD
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
My ideal client is an individual or parent seeking to learn more about their food allergy diagnosis, diagnosis related to abnormal gut function. If they have an eating disorder, they are ready to learn how to move past it and repair their relationship with themselves and their food. My clients understand that slow changes are lasting changes are not interested in a quick fix. They are comfortable with my approach that all foods can fit into the eating pattern and health looks a lot of different ways.
My ideal client is an individual or parent seeking to learn more about their food allergy diagnosis, diagnosis related to abnormal gut function. If they have an eating disorder, they are ready to learn how to move past it and repair their relationship with themselves and their food. My clients understand that slow changes are lasting changes are not interested in a quick fix. They are comfortable with my approach that all foods can fit into the eating pattern and health looks a lot of different ways.
(508) 469-5018 View (508) 469-5018
Photo of Emily Ramos, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, CNSC
Emily Ramos
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, CNSC
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Emily’s ideal patients are individuals who are ready to make meaningful changes in their lives. She especially enjoys working with those experiencing GI disorders, as these conditions can be deeply debilitating and require strong motivation. Emily also loves working with pediatric patients, finding joy in helping children build healthy nutrition habits that can positively impact their lives long term.
Emily’s ideal patients are individuals who are ready to make meaningful changes in their lives. She especially enjoys working with those experiencing GI disorders, as these conditions can be deeply debilitating and require strong motivation. Emily also loves working with pediatric patients, finding joy in helping children build healthy nutrition habits that can positively impact their lives long term.
(785) 665-2186 View (785) 665-2186
Photo of Demi Evrigenis, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Demi Evrigenis
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97230
Demi is a registered dietitian who is dedicated to enhancing overall health and wellness. Specializing in aiding those with diabetes, gut health issues, PCOS, as well as renal and thyroid issues using a holistic approach. Beyond evaluating dietary practices, Demi considers lifestyle elements such as sleep, stress, and attitudes towards food. Combining nutritional expertise with empathy, she guides individuals towards improved health journeys. Recognizing the uniqueness of each path, Demi tailors personalized nutrition plans, targeting underlying health issues.
Demi is a registered dietitian who is dedicated to enhancing overall health and wellness. Specializing in aiding those with diabetes, gut health issues, PCOS, as well as renal and thyroid issues using a holistic approach. Beyond evaluating dietary practices, Demi considers lifestyle elements such as sleep, stress, and attitudes towards food. Combining nutritional expertise with empathy, she guides individuals towards improved health journeys. Recognizing the uniqueness of each path, Demi tailors personalized nutrition plans, targeting underlying health issues.
(312) 374-5399 View (312) 374-5399
Photo of Kristina McCarthy, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MCN, RD, LD
Kristina McCarthy
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MCN, RD, LD
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97219
Krissy helps clients take the stress out of eating and find confidence and joy in nourishing themselves. She was inspired to become a Registered Dietitian after navigating her own health challenges involving food, and she brings an empathetic lens to supporting clients on their own health journeys. Krissy works with clients to explore and improve their relationship with food through an “all foods fit” approach, often incorporating intuitive and mindful eating practices.
Krissy helps clients take the stress out of eating and find confidence and joy in nourishing themselves. She was inspired to become a Registered Dietitian after navigating her own health challenges involving food, and she brings an empathetic lens to supporting clients on their own health journeys. Krissy works with clients to explore and improve their relationship with food through an “all foods fit” approach, often incorporating intuitive and mindful eating practices.
(312) 374-5399 View (312) 374-5399
FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians

How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in 97225?

To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.

When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.

What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?

The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.

A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.

In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.

When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.

Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.

Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.

How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.

Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?

If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.

Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.