Nutrition Counseling Nutritionists and Dietitians in 80017

Photo of Francisco Antonio Padilla - Nutri-bol LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CSSD, CPT
Nutri-bol LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CSSD, CPT
Online Only
Hello, I'm Francisco A. Padilla, and I'm dedicated to supporting you in reaching your health and wellness objectives through the fundamental roles of nutrition and hydration. With extensive knowledge and experience, I'm equipped to assist you on your path to a healthier lifestyle, regardless of your background or goals. My educational background includes an M.S. in Sports Nutrition and I am a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RD), committed to providing personalized, evidence-based advice to meet your specific needs.
Hello, I'm Francisco A. Padilla, and I'm dedicated to supporting you in reaching your health and wellness objectives through the fundamental roles of nutrition and hydration. With extensive knowledge and experience, I'm equipped to assist you on your path to a healthier lifestyle, regardless of your background or goals. My educational background includes an M.S. in Sports Nutrition and I am a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RD), committed to providing personalized, evidence-based advice to meet your specific needs.
(720) 790-4913 View (720) 790-4913

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Photo of Lauren Keyser, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
Lauren Keyser
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
Serves Area
My ideal client is someone feeling stuck in cycles of dieting, food rules, or body distress, often alongside anxiety, trauma, or other mental health concerns. They may feel disconnected from their body, overwhelmed by food decisions, or exhausted by trying to “get it right.” They want relief from constant food noise and a more peaceful, sustainable relationship with eating and their body. They’re seeking compassionate, weight-neutral support that honors their lived experiences, supports healing at their own pace, and helps them nourish themselves in a way that truly fits their real life—not rigid rules or quick fixes.
My ideal client is someone feeling stuck in cycles of dieting, food rules, or body distress, often alongside anxiety, trauma, or other mental health concerns. They may feel disconnected from their body, overwhelmed by food decisions, or exhausted by trying to “get it right.” They want relief from constant food noise and a more peaceful, sustainable relationship with eating and their body. They’re seeking compassionate, weight-neutral support that honors their lived experiences, supports healing at their own pace, and helps them nourish themselves in a way that truly fits their real life—not rigid rules or quick fixes.
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Photo of Jan Patenaude, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CLT
Jan Patenaude
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CLT
47 Endorsed
Serves Area
Do your clients have chronic inflammatory health problems such as heartburn, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), headaches, migraines, arthritis, Crohn's, colitis, Eosinophilic Esophagitis, sinusitis, fibromyalgia, chronic pain or eczema? Get them well quickly by becoming a Certified LEAP Therapist! I've used the Evidence-Based LEAP Protocol based on MRT Testing since 2002 and I still think it's the best protocol for well-selected clients! My Mentoring comes to you at no additional cost!
Do your clients have chronic inflammatory health problems such as heartburn, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), headaches, migraines, arthritis, Crohn's, colitis, Eosinophilic Esophagitis, sinusitis, fibromyalgia, chronic pain or eczema? Get them well quickly by becoming a Certified LEAP Therapist! I've used the Evidence-Based LEAP Protocol based on MRT Testing since 2002 and I still think it's the best protocol for well-selected clients! My Mentoring comes to you at no additional cost!
(970) 340-2372 View (970) 340-2372
Photo of Nadia Pugh, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Nadia Pugh
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
4 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
Nadia is passionate about women’s health, PCOS, fertility, thyroid and autoimmune disorders, renal health, and diabetes management. Her holistic approach focuses on individualized nutrition plans that cater to your unique needs and goals. She emphasizes that there’s no one-size-fits-all diet and aims to empower you with healthy eating habits that resonate with your preferences. Whether you’re addressing imbalances, seeking better habits, or enhancing your relationship with food, Nadia is committed to providing personalized support and practical advice for lasting well-being.
Nadia is passionate about women’s health, PCOS, fertility, thyroid and autoimmune disorders, renal health, and diabetes management. Her holistic approach focuses on individualized nutrition plans that cater to your unique needs and goals. She emphasizes that there’s no one-size-fits-all diet and aims to empower you with healthy eating habits that resonate with your preferences. Whether you’re addressing imbalances, seeking better habits, or enhancing your relationship with food, Nadia is committed to providing personalized support and practical advice for lasting well-being.
(904) 567-0490 View (904) 567-0490
Photo of Katie Campbell, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LN
Katie Campbell
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LN
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Through nutrition counseling, we’ll work together to cut through the noise and address challenges such as disordered eating, emotional eating, fueling for sport, and negative body image so you can find peace with food and confidence in how you care for yourself.
I incorporate the principles of Intuitive Eating in my work and advocate for a weight-inclusive, non-diet approach to healing one's relationship with food and their body. When appropriate, I may use different therapeutic modalities to aid our work. Additionally, treatment will be individualized, flexible, collaborative, and consent-based.
Through nutrition counseling, we’ll work together to cut through the noise and address challenges such as disordered eating, emotional eating, fueling for sport, and negative body image so you can find peace with food and confidence in how you care for yourself.
I incorporate the principles of Intuitive Eating in my work and advocate for a weight-inclusive, non-diet approach to healing one's relationship with food and their body. When appropriate, I may use different therapeutic modalities to aid our work. Additionally, treatment will be individualized, flexible, collaborative, and consent-based.
(406) 296-4733 View (406) 296-4733
Photo of Kendall Shanks, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LD
Kendall Shanks
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LD
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
As I grow older, I realize I want to help adults and older adults continue living their best lives. My ideal client is someone who doesn’t judge themselves by their chronological age, but wants to live healthfully and simply needs the right tools, guidance, and confidence to inspire both themselves and their families.
As I grow older, I realize I want to help adults and older adults continue living their best lives. My ideal client is someone who doesn’t judge themselves by their chronological age, but wants to live healthfully and simply needs the right tools, guidance, and confidence to inspire both themselves and their families.
(813) 590-1238 View (813) 590-1238
Photo of Amanda Wikan, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Amanda Wikan
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Serves Area
I specialize in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and complex gut issues that haven't responded to standard approaches. I work with people who are still struggling after trying low-FODMAP or elimination diets and who want to understand why their body isn't responding to move beyond restrictive diets and feel better. As a Registered Dietitian with a Master's in Nutrition & Functional Medicine, I look beyond food choices to assess digestion, nutrient status, and the microbiome. This is how we find the root cause and build a plan for healing.
I specialize in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and complex gut issues that haven't responded to standard approaches. I work with people who are still struggling after trying low-FODMAP or elimination diets and who want to understand why their body isn't responding to move beyond restrictive diets and feel better. As a Registered Dietitian with a Master's in Nutrition & Functional Medicine, I look beyond food choices to assess digestion, nutrient status, and the microbiome. This is how we find the root cause and build a plan for healing.
(707) 868-5718 View (707) 868-5718
Photo of Catherine Hart, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Catherine Hart
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Denver, CO 80209
My ideal client is engaged and ready to participate. I’m patient and happy to take the time to build trust and collaboration, but I prefer working with people who want to do the work and communicate. I hope to meet clients with varied nutrition needs who understand that change takes time.
My ideal client is engaged and ready to participate. I’m patient and happy to take the time to build trust and collaboration, but I prefer working with people who want to do the work and communicate. I hope to meet clients with varied nutrition needs who understand that change takes time.
(346) 517-5716 View (346) 517-5716
Photo of Becky Bell, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, IFNCP, CLT
Becky Bell
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, IFNCP, CLT
1 Endorsed
Wheat Ridge, CO 80033
I offer both in-person and virtual nutrition counseling.
Ready to get rid of bloating, digestive issues, and and chronic fatigue? I use a functional approach to nutrition to help you get the root cause of your symptoms and find relief from your symptoms so you can reclaim your health, vibrant life. Even if you've been told your labs are "normal," I'll help you get to the bottom of the symptoms that are keeping you from feeling your best. I take a whole-person, personalized approach to your wellness. I'll give you a clear strategy to transform your health and help you make realistic and sustainable nutrition and lifestyle changes that will allow you to reach your goals.
I offer both in-person and virtual nutrition counseling.
Ready to get rid of bloating, digestive issues, and and chronic fatigue? I use a functional approach to nutrition to help you get the root cause of your symptoms and find relief from your symptoms so you can reclaim your health, vibrant life. Even if you've been told your labs are "normal," I'll help you get to the bottom of the symptoms that are keeping you from feeling your best. I take a whole-person, personalized approach to your wellness. I'll give you a clear strategy to transform your health and help you make realistic and sustainable nutrition and lifestyle changes that will allow you to reach your goals.
(720) 817-6853 View (720) 817-6853
Photo of Debbie Lew - Created For Wellness Nutritional Therapy Llc, Nutritionist/Dietitian, FNTP
Are you seeking a natural approach to mental wellness? Did you know that nutrients from food and supplements can make a difference in supporting ADHD, mood, anxiety and depression? I utilize natural, evidence-based strategies that are effective such as targeted nutrients to support brain health, gut healing & restoration, detox, homeopathy and lifestyle changes. Food can be your medicine – there are options other than pharmaceutical medications! Nutrition is the foundation of health as every cell, tissue and organ in your body depends on nutrients to function properly. I can be your trusted partner in your health journey.
Are you seeking a natural approach to mental wellness? Did you know that nutrients from food and supplements can make a difference in supporting ADHD, mood, anxiety and depression? I utilize natural, evidence-based strategies that are effective such as targeted nutrients to support brain health, gut healing & restoration, detox, homeopathy and lifestyle changes. Food can be your medicine – there are options other than pharmaceutical medications! Nutrition is the foundation of health as every cell, tissue and organ in your body depends on nutrients to function properly. I can be your trusted partner in your health journey.
(720) 477-4684 View (720) 477-4684
Photo of Jess Sorci - Jess Sorci Functional Nutritionist LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, LDN
Jess Sorci Functional Nutritionist LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, LDN
Lakewood, CO 80215
Greetings! I am Jess Sorci is a nutritionist and functional medicine practitioner working with clients with complex health issues, including autoimmune disorders, digestive imbalances, hormone and thyroid dysregulation, and much more. Specifically, I specializes in autoimmune thyroid disorders, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, and Graves Disease. I take a different approach to care and profoundly understands that those struggling with chronic health issues often have emotional concerns or have experienced stressful life events.
Greetings! I am Jess Sorci is a nutritionist and functional medicine practitioner working with clients with complex health issues, including autoimmune disorders, digestive imbalances, hormone and thyroid dysregulation, and much more. Specifically, I specializes in autoimmune thyroid disorders, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, and Graves Disease. I take a different approach to care and profoundly understands that those struggling with chronic health issues often have emotional concerns or have experienced stressful life events.
(720) 707-2556 View (720) 707-2556
Photo of Amanda Ghighi, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Amanda Ghighi
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Amanda is an RD specializing in general health and wellness, eating disorders and disordered eating. She is dedicated to helping individuals heal their relationship with food and their bodies. Amanda believes in creating a compassionate and supportive environment, incorporating evidence-based nutrition practices to guide clients toward sustainable changes. She strives to empower her clients to break free from diet culture and develop a nourishing and balanced approach to eating. Amanda offers compassionate, patient-centered nutrition care, focusing on non-diet, weight-inclusive principles.
Amanda is an RD specializing in general health and wellness, eating disorders and disordered eating. She is dedicated to helping individuals heal their relationship with food and their bodies. Amanda believes in creating a compassionate and supportive environment, incorporating evidence-based nutrition practices to guide clients toward sustainable changes. She strives to empower her clients to break free from diet culture and develop a nourishing and balanced approach to eating. Amanda offers compassionate, patient-centered nutrition care, focusing on non-diet, weight-inclusive principles.
(862) 225-6191 View (862) 225-6191
Photo of Charlotte Hammond - Eating With Ease , Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN, CDE, RYT
Eating With Ease
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN, CDE, RYT
Denver, CO 80209
From the solace of your home, I will work with you to use food as medicine and put short and long term diet-based solutions into action. As an Integrative and Functional Dietitian and Diabetes Educator, I can use nutrition science with labs, genetics, and your observations to help you not only get well but feel better for life! Common issues I help people with include digestive problems, PCOS, testosterone support, DIABETES, high blood pressure, anxiety/depression, hypothyroidism, sensitivity-related illness, and weight management. However, if you have no named illness and just feel awful, I am here for you.
From the solace of your home, I will work with you to use food as medicine and put short and long term diet-based solutions into action. As an Integrative and Functional Dietitian and Diabetes Educator, I can use nutrition science with labs, genetics, and your observations to help you not only get well but feel better for life! Common issues I help people with include digestive problems, PCOS, testosterone support, DIABETES, high blood pressure, anxiety/depression, hypothyroidism, sensitivity-related illness, and weight management. However, if you have no named illness and just feel awful, I am here for you.
(312) 561-4896 View (312) 561-4896
Photo of Cathy Schmelter, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Cathy Schmelter
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Denver, CO 80249
My specialty is chronic disease prevention. I work with clients to create a PLANT-BASED vegan or vegetarian personalized nutrition plan that may include recommendations, sample menus, nutrient analysis and recipe ideas. I have over 20 years' experience as a Vegan Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) providing counseling and personalized nutrition plans as well as developing sustainable food and nutrition education programs for schools and community partners.
My specialty is chronic disease prevention. I work with clients to create a PLANT-BASED vegan or vegetarian personalized nutrition plan that may include recommendations, sample menus, nutrient analysis and recipe ideas. I have over 20 years' experience as a Vegan Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) providing counseling and personalized nutrition plans as well as developing sustainable food and nutrition education programs for schools and community partners.
(720) 379-9749 View (720) 379-9749
Photo of Donna Keeler - Nutrition Plan for You, LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MNT
Nutrition Plan for You, LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MNT
Broomfield, CO 80020
A nutrition plan doesn't mean you have to give up everything. (This seems to be the biggest fear when clients come in for an appointment.) Changing the way you eat can improve all kinds of health conditions, i.e.: asthma, an autoimmune condition, high cholesterol, fibromyalgia, fatty liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver, fertility issues, ADHD, low blood sugar, plantar fasciitis, pre-diabetes, diabetes, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or other health issues. Don't wait for a health crisis in order to make a change in your nutrition. Receipts are provided for flex-spending reimburement. Medicare/other insurance not accepted.
A nutrition plan doesn't mean you have to give up everything. (This seems to be the biggest fear when clients come in for an appointment.) Changing the way you eat can improve all kinds of health conditions, i.e.: asthma, an autoimmune condition, high cholesterol, fibromyalgia, fatty liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver, fertility issues, ADHD, low blood sugar, plantar fasciitis, pre-diabetes, diabetes, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or other health issues. Don't wait for a health crisis in order to make a change in your nutrition. Receipts are provided for flex-spending reimburement. Medicare/other insurance not accepted.
(720) 783-5615 View (720) 783-5615
Photo of Margo Gasta, Nutritionist/Dietitian, DCN, RDN, CCH
Margo Gasta
Nutritionist/Dietitian, DCN, RDN, CCH
Serves Area
I provide advanced level integrative and functional nutritional care as well as homeopathy. I help people who are struggling with difficult chronic, complicated health issues who would like to add nutrition and homeopathy as a complement to their conventional medical care. I use nutritional testing to help pinpoint the root cause of your symptoms and to help balance your nutritional biochemistry. I also provide group coaching for people struggling with emotional and stress overeating. Please visit my website for more information and to book a free discovery call www.nutritionbymargo.com.
I provide advanced level integrative and functional nutritional care as well as homeopathy. I help people who are struggling with difficult chronic, complicated health issues who would like to add nutrition and homeopathy as a complement to their conventional medical care. I use nutritional testing to help pinpoint the root cause of your symptoms and to help balance your nutritional biochemistry. I also provide group coaching for people struggling with emotional and stress overeating. Please visit my website for more information and to book a free discovery call www.nutritionbymargo.com.
(720) 580-5746 View (720) 580-5746
Photo of Jennifer H Anderson, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Jennifer H Anderson
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Littleton, CO 80129
Hello! Are you struggling with disordered eating like Anorexia, Bulimia, Binge Eating, Yo-Yo Dieting or rigid food rules? I'm Jen and my team and I are passionate about helping people achieve genuine food freedom and dramatic health transformation. My specialty is helping clients discover a healthy relationship with food. I will teach you mindful and intuitive eating principles while thoughtfully addressing your health & weight concerns. Together we can get to the root & make sustainable lifestyle changes, all without sabotaging your joy of eating! My colleagues also address a broad range of health issues through this same lens!
Hello! Are you struggling with disordered eating like Anorexia, Bulimia, Binge Eating, Yo-Yo Dieting or rigid food rules? I'm Jen and my team and I are passionate about helping people achieve genuine food freedom and dramatic health transformation. My specialty is helping clients discover a healthy relationship with food. I will teach you mindful and intuitive eating principles while thoughtfully addressing your health & weight concerns. Together we can get to the root & make sustainable lifestyle changes, all without sabotaging your joy of eating! My colleagues also address a broad range of health issues through this same lens!
(720) 729-2273 View (720) 729-2273
Photo of Gray Foster Jessiman, Nutritionist/Dietitian, CNTP, LLMSW, MA
Gray Foster Jessiman
Nutritionist/Dietitian, CNTP, LLMSW, MA
Serves Area
I currently run my own nutrition consulting business called Eat Well Age Well Nutrition where I help clients identify the root cause of their health conditions and provide nutritional protocols to address their issues. I want to support people in healthy and graceful aging by targeting inflammation and barriers in the body such as the gut and the brain. Clients who want to prevent cognitive decline and who believe that food and lifestyle are keys to longevity are most welcome. Certifications include: Nutrition Therapy Practitioner (2 yr-600 hrs), Natural Foods Chef, Certified Autoimmune Paleo, and Certified Gluten Practitioner.
I currently run my own nutrition consulting business called Eat Well Age Well Nutrition where I help clients identify the root cause of their health conditions and provide nutritional protocols to address their issues. I want to support people in healthy and graceful aging by targeting inflammation and barriers in the body such as the gut and the brain. Clients who want to prevent cognitive decline and who believe that food and lifestyle are keys to longevity are most welcome. Certifications include: Nutrition Therapy Practitioner (2 yr-600 hrs), Natural Foods Chef, Certified Autoimmune Paleo, and Certified Gluten Practitioner.
(313) 476-3409 View (313) 476-3409
Photo of Brittany Sparks - Nutrition by Brittany LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CSR, CDN
Nutrition by Brittany LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CSR, CDN
1 Endorsed
Westminster, CO 80020
As an experienced Registered Dietitian I focus on disease prevention and progression with food and lifestyle changes. I am a specialist in renal nutrition and have a strong background in caring for patients with kidney disorders, heart health, diabetes, pregnancy and lactation, thyroid disorders and gastrointestinal disorders.
As an experienced Registered Dietitian I focus on disease prevention and progression with food and lifestyle changes. I am a specialist in renal nutrition and have a strong background in caring for patients with kidney disorders, heart health, diabetes, pregnancy and lactation, thyroid disorders and gastrointestinal disorders.
(916) 347-9837 View (916) 347-9837
Photo of Dr. Kristy Hall, Nutritionist/Dietitian, DSc, MS, BCHN, RNCP, ROHP
Dr. Kristy Hall
Nutritionist/Dietitian, DSc, MS, BCHN, RNCP, ROHP
Serves Area
Kristy specializes in nutrition, epigenetics, and neural entrainment empowering people to maximize their health. Using scientific tools and evidence-based research, I develop a unique program customized to fit your health and wellness needs. Health is like a 7 layer dip: diet, lifestyle, environment, family history, diagnoses, signs & symptoms, and epigenetics. Your genes make up about 30% of your health. While you can't control the genes you get you can support where you have inherent weaknesses.
Kristy specializes in nutrition, epigenetics, and neural entrainment empowering people to maximize their health. Using scientific tools and evidence-based research, I develop a unique program customized to fit your health and wellness needs. Health is like a 7 layer dip: diet, lifestyle, environment, family history, diagnoses, signs & symptoms, and epigenetics. Your genes make up about 30% of your health. While you can't control the genes you get you can support where you have inherent weaknesses.
(970) 660-5119 View (970) 660-5119
Nutrition Counseling Nutritionists and Dietitians
What is nutrition counseling?
Nutrition counseling refers to the services provided by a Registered Dietitian (RD) that focus on diet and nutrition. Individuals often seek nutrition counseling to make diet-related lifestyle changes, especially after being diagnosed with chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. However, nutrition counseling is not limited to these cases, and it can often benefit anyone looking to improve their overall health. Nutrition counselors also often address other aspects of a healthy lifestyle within sessions, such as advising on physical activity, chronic disease management, and mental health. They provide guidance and motivation, often adopting a holistic approach to support clients in achieving their health and wellbeing goals.

Who should see a nutrition counselor?
Many people can benefit from seeing a nutrition counselor; however, individuals with (or at risk of developing) chronic medical conditions or who have specific dietary challenges (for example, IBS, Crohn's disease, etc.) may find a nutrition counselor particularly helpful. Nutrition counselors are specifically trained to use diet modifications to manage health, so consulting a dietitian if you have a chronic condition can be greatly beneficial. Nutrition professionals can help clients understand how their diet impacts their symptoms and suggest strategies to improve overall health. Additionally, dietitians can coordinate with other medical professionals, such as primary care physicians or specialty physicians, to help support the client's overall health.

What happens during a nutrition counseling session?
Nutrition counseling is fundamentally focused on a client's individual health goals. The initial session with a nutrition professional typically involves an evaluation, during which the dietitian seeks to understand the client's reasons for seeking nutrition counseling. This session typically includes discussing the client's health history, current eating habits, lifestyle, and specific nutrition counseling goals. In follow-up sessions, the client and dietitian will typically review progress toward these goals, and the dietitian may examine the client's food intake and suggest areas for improvement. They may also educate the client on diet-related topics, such as ensuring adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables or reducing sodium intake. Additionally, nutrition counselors can help clients stay accountable for other lifestyle changes that support overall health, such as regular exercise, smoking cessation, or moderating alcohol consumption.

What should I look for in a nutrition counselor?
Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from managing medical conditions to addressing lifestyle concerns like weight loss or specific dietary requirements. When looking for a nutrition counselor, it is essential to find someone with expertise in the area of nutrition relevant to your needs. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals in your area to determine the best fit. Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, making it important to look for a professional with RD credentials. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you may be interested in seeking out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR), as these credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area.