Nutritionists and Dietitians in 02492

Photo of Stuti Purohit, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Stuti Purohit
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Needham, MA 02492
I am a Registered Dietitian with over 10 years of experience in clinical nutrition. I provide evidence based and practical nutrition therapy to clients with Diabetes, Heart problems, GI conditions – IBS, Chron’s disease, Ulcerative colitis , gastroparesis and pre and post partum pregnancy. Being of Indian origin I have special expertise in tailoring nutrition interventions for the typical South Asian diet. I also specialize in interventions to suit vegan and vegetarian diets. My goal is to help my clients achieve their goals without compromising on the pleasures of food.
I am a Registered Dietitian with over 10 years of experience in clinical nutrition. I provide evidence based and practical nutrition therapy to clients with Diabetes, Heart problems, GI conditions – IBS, Chron’s disease, Ulcerative colitis , gastroparesis and pre and post partum pregnancy. Being of Indian origin I have special expertise in tailoring nutrition interventions for the typical South Asian diet. I also specialize in interventions to suit vegan and vegetarian diets. My goal is to help my clients achieve their goals without compromising on the pleasures of food.
(781) 437-7745 View (781) 437-7745
Photo of Ellen Harris, Nutritionist/Dietitian, EdM, RDN, LDN, CLT
Ellen Harris
Nutritionist/Dietitian, EdM, RDN, LDN, CLT
Serves Area
Would you like to work on weight or chronic health conditions: diabetes/pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypothyroid, fibromyalgia, arthritis, skin reactions, GERD/reflux, gout, kidney stones, migraine, or brain fog? I work with you to target inflammation and food sensitivities using Integrative Nutrition Therapy combining western and complementary approaches. This regularly results in reducing or eliminating the need for medication. It repeatedly comes down to what you eat -- or don't eat — as well as stress management and exercise. My goal is to help you enjoy better health now and to reduce the risk of long-term complications.
Would you like to work on weight or chronic health conditions: diabetes/pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypothyroid, fibromyalgia, arthritis, skin reactions, GERD/reflux, gout, kidney stones, migraine, or brain fog? I work with you to target inflammation and food sensitivities using Integrative Nutrition Therapy combining western and complementary approaches. This regularly results in reducing or eliminating the need for medication. It repeatedly comes down to what you eat -- or don't eat — as well as stress management and exercise. My goal is to help you enjoy better health now and to reduce the risk of long-term complications.
(617) 209-4796 View (617) 209-4796
Photo of Caitlin M Crews, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CLT, LDN
Caitlin M Crews
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CLT, LDN
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Nutrition is more than the essential nutrients required for life, it is a way of living in balance of the body and soul. Together we navigate your specific journey to optimal health. I use functional nutrition medicine counseling and diagnostic testing if needed to get to the root cause of underlying health issues. My goal for you is to learn to incorporate foods that speak to your body and your lifestyle allowing you to live your best life.
Nutrition is more than the essential nutrients required for life, it is a way of living in balance of the body and soul. Together we navigate your specific journey to optimal health. I use functional nutrition medicine counseling and diagnostic testing if needed to get to the root cause of underlying health issues. My goal for you is to learn to incorporate foods that speak to your body and your lifestyle allowing you to live your best life.
(508) 403-2273 View (508) 403-2273

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Photo of Jamie Schwartz, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Jamie Schwartz
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Jamie is a Registered Dietitian with Health Loft who takes a compassionate approach to nutrition therapy by meeting people where they are in their personal journeys. She helps clients make incremental changes to restore a peaceful relationship with food and their bodies. Jamie understands the harmful nature of diet culture and provides care that is affirming, sustainable, and tailored to each individual’s needs and goals. Her experience allows her to identify distorted beliefs and unhealthy eating patterns and offer thoughtful, evidence-based guidance.
Jamie is a Registered Dietitian with Health Loft who takes a compassionate approach to nutrition therapy by meeting people where they are in their personal journeys. She helps clients make incremental changes to restore a peaceful relationship with food and their bodies. Jamie understands the harmful nature of diet culture and provides care that is affirming, sustainable, and tailored to each individual’s needs and goals. Her experience allows her to identify distorted beliefs and unhealthy eating patterns and offer thoughtful, evidence-based guidance.
(469) 960-5661 View (469) 960-5661
Photo of Lauren E Ahola, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Lauren E Ahola
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Marshfield, MA 02050
LEA-Nutrition believes that diets don't work, but lifestyle changes do. Lauren has been a Registered Dietitian since 2012 and Yoga Instructor since 2015. She created LEAN to help others live their healthiest and happiest life. She is here to help you interpret all the false nutrition information out there and create an individualized nutrition plan that works for YOU.
LEA-Nutrition believes that diets don't work, but lifestyle changes do. Lauren has been a Registered Dietitian since 2012 and Yoga Instructor since 2015. She created LEAN to help others live their healthiest and happiest life. She is here to help you interpret all the false nutrition information out there and create an individualized nutrition plan that works for YOU.
(339) 244-2642 View (339) 244-2642
Photo of Gretchen Stalters, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD
Gretchen Stalters
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD
Norton, MA 02766
I will work with you to help make some gradual changes in order to feel good about yourself and see positive results. I am an experienced professional treating a diversity of patients and believe in treatment that includes a combination of evidence based therapeutic and dietetic practices. We will work together to improve your Diabetes, Cardiovascular, GI health, or relationship with food over time and help you to feel physically well. I have worked for many years with children and teens in addition to adults.
I will work with you to help make some gradual changes in order to feel good about yourself and see positive results. I am an experienced professional treating a diversity of patients and believe in treatment that includes a combination of evidence based therapeutic and dietetic practices. We will work together to improve your Diabetes, Cardiovascular, GI health, or relationship with food over time and help you to feel physically well. I have worked for many years with children and teens in addition to adults.
(401) 812-3875 View (401) 812-3875
Photo of Daniel Goebel, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, CSSD
Daniel Goebel
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, CSSD
Boston, MA 02116
Work with you every step of the way to meet your nutrition and performance goals. Whether you are looking to find ways to improve your eating habits, lose weight and build strength, or manage a chronic disease, I will take a personal and individualized approach to helping you clients reach your goals.
Work with you every step of the way to meet your nutrition and performance goals. Whether you are looking to find ways to improve your eating habits, lose weight and build strength, or manage a chronic disease, I will take a personal and individualized approach to helping you clients reach your goals.
(339) 229-5210 View (339) 229-5210
Photo of Jennifer Heinen - Nourish for Life, LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Nourish for Life, LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Cambridge, MA 02140
If you are looking for compassionate dietitians who are dedicated to helping you find balance with food and movement, you have found the right practice! Our skilled dietitians will gently guide you toward your health goals while helping you heal your relationship with food using mindful and Intuitive Eating. We work collaboratively to create attainable and sustainable changes that work for YOU. We take the time to get to know you, to individualize nutrition and movement plans that work for your lifestyle and health needs.
If you are looking for compassionate dietitians who are dedicated to helping you find balance with food and movement, you have found the right practice! Our skilled dietitians will gently guide you toward your health goals while helping you heal your relationship with food using mindful and Intuitive Eating. We work collaboratively to create attainable and sustainable changes that work for YOU. We take the time to get to know you, to individualize nutrition and movement plans that work for your lifestyle and health needs.
(339) 300-4925 View (339) 300-4925
Photo of Sally M Cohen, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Sally M Cohen
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Brookline, MA 02446
I’m a Registered Dietitian who does not believe in diets. I do believe that it’s equally important for nutrition advice to be both evidenced-based and personalized. I think we should enjoy food and celebrate its role in our traditions and cultures. And I know that food has incredible power to help us live healthier lives, prevent or manage chronic disease, and achieve big health and wellness goals.
I’m a Registered Dietitian who does not believe in diets. I do believe that it’s equally important for nutrition advice to be both evidenced-based and personalized. I think we should enjoy food and celebrate its role in our traditions and cultures. And I know that food has incredible power to help us live healthier lives, prevent or manage chronic disease, and achieve big health and wellness goals.
(617) 553-4339 View (617) 553-4339
Photo of Kristine Anne Bahr, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, LDN
Kristine Anne Bahr
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, LDN
Brookline, MA 02445
All sessions are on Zoom,: Kristine Bahr is a clinical nutritionist who specializes in integrative nutritional solutions for her patients. She has an impressive track record for helping people relieve symptoms resulting from chronic digestive disorders as well as Diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, heart disease, issues related to body weight, and more. Her approach is based on utilizing exacting test procedures that focus on an individual's metabolic sensitivities, whether those be to food, hormonal imbalances, or the need to identify genetic predispositions for specific conditions in order to take preventative action.
All sessions are on Zoom,: Kristine Bahr is a clinical nutritionist who specializes in integrative nutritional solutions for her patients. She has an impressive track record for helping people relieve symptoms resulting from chronic digestive disorders as well as Diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, heart disease, issues related to body weight, and more. Her approach is based on utilizing exacting test procedures that focus on an individual's metabolic sensitivities, whether those be to food, hormonal imbalances, or the need to identify genetic predispositions for specific conditions in order to take preventative action.
(617) 546-4065 View (617) 546-4065
Photo of Christopher Irish, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LD
Christopher Irish
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LD
Brighton, MA 02135
If you are experiencing ANY of the following, I would love to have the opportunity to work together: You often feel guilty about your food choices, and you spend significant time and energy thinking about food. You have scoured the internet for nutrition information and guidance and are frustrated by the amount of conflicting information online. You are navigating an eating disorder or disordered eating and are looking for support from a compassionate and knowledgable RD. You are struggling to keep up with meal planning every week, unsure of how to shop for and prepare meals that support your nutrition goals.
If you are experiencing ANY of the following, I would love to have the opportunity to work together: You often feel guilty about your food choices, and you spend significant time and energy thinking about food. You have scoured the internet for nutrition information and guidance and are frustrated by the amount of conflicting information online. You are navigating an eating disorder or disordered eating and are looking for support from a compassionate and knowledgable RD. You are struggling to keep up with meal planning every week, unsure of how to shop for and prepare meals that support your nutrition goals.
(339) 330-2865 View (339) 330-2865
Photo of Colleen Elizabeth Johnson, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN LDN, CDCES
Colleen Elizabeth Johnson
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN LDN, CDCES
Serves Area
As a Registered Dietitian and Certified Diabetes Educator, I am passionate about equipping clients with the tools they need for sustainable health. My approach centers around collaboration, helping clients set realistic goals and create individualized plans to improve their relationship with food, health, and lifestyle. I am dedicated to empowering individuals to achieve lasting health and wellness through personalized medical nutrition therapy.
As a Registered Dietitian and Certified Diabetes Educator, I am passionate about equipping clients with the tools they need for sustainable health. My approach centers around collaboration, helping clients set realistic goals and create individualized plans to improve their relationship with food, health, and lifestyle. I am dedicated to empowering individuals to achieve lasting health and wellness through personalized medical nutrition therapy.
(508) 625-6212 View (508) 625-6212
Photo of Elizabeth Dunne, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LD
Elizabeth Dunne
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LD
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Elizabeth is a Registered Dietitian with over six years of experience helping individuals make healthier choices and achieve their goals. Using intuitive eating principles and a compassionate, client-centered approach, she tailors evidence-based plans to meet each person’s needs. Specializing in wellness, diabetes, and heart health, Elizabeth empowers clients with the tools and support they need to make lasting changes. Her compassionate counseling ensures that clients feel heard, confident, and motivated on their journey to improved health and well-being.
Elizabeth is a Registered Dietitian with over six years of experience helping individuals make healthier choices and achieve their goals. Using intuitive eating principles and a compassionate, client-centered approach, she tailors evidence-based plans to meet each person’s needs. Specializing in wellness, diabetes, and heart health, Elizabeth empowers clients with the tools and support they need to make lasting changes. Her compassionate counseling ensures that clients feel heard, confident, and motivated on their journey to improved health and well-being.
(901) 499-2720 View (901) 499-2720
Photo of Kim Trudel, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MA, MS, RD, LDN, CPT
Kim Trudel
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MA, MS, RD, LDN, CPT
Weymouth, MA 02188
Kim is not only passionate about educating and motivating her clients to eat for overall health but also about helping her clients develop a healthy relationship with food. Kim’s philosophy is not about the number on the scale, but rather about a developing an eating plan that works for your your lifestyle. Kim has worked with many clients from differing backgrounds and understands that there is not one diet fits for all. Kim seeks sustainable results for her clients and helping them develop life long healthy habits.
Kim is not only passionate about educating and motivating her clients to eat for overall health but also about helping her clients develop a healthy relationship with food. Kim’s philosophy is not about the number on the scale, but rather about a developing an eating plan that works for your your lifestyle. Kim has worked with many clients from differing backgrounds and understands that there is not one diet fits for all. Kim seeks sustainable results for her clients and helping them develop life long healthy habits.
(339) 209-0505 View (339) 209-0505
Photo of Malou Aragon Nichols, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Malou Aragon Nichols
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Serves Area
Malou /mah-loo/ sees individuals as experts in their lived experience and believes in their inherent wholeness. They view cultural food and foodways as an integral part of our relationship with self, health, and nature. She identifies as a Filipino/a/x dietitian because it holds cultural, social significance to them and influences their care work. They bring humility to their work, aspiring to cultivate embodied relationships with food and well-being. She is passionate about supporting folks with complex medical concerns and prioritizes a weight-inclusive or fat-positive approach.
Malou /mah-loo/ sees individuals as experts in their lived experience and believes in their inherent wholeness. They view cultural food and foodways as an integral part of our relationship with self, health, and nature. She identifies as a Filipino/a/x dietitian because it holds cultural, social significance to them and influences their care work. They bring humility to their work, aspiring to cultivate embodied relationships with food and well-being. She is passionate about supporting folks with complex medical concerns and prioritizes a weight-inclusive or fat-positive approach.
(970) 442-9670 View (970) 442-9670
Photo of Kaytee Hadley - The Anti-Ibs Dietitian, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MSc, RDN, IFMCP, CPT
Kaytee Hadley - The Anti-Ibs Dietitian
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MSc, RDN, IFMCP, CPT
Serves Area
Studies show that up to 78% of people with IBS have a condition called SIBO... which you can get rid of! For 15 years I was told there was nothing I could do about my debilitating GI symptoms– pain, cramps, bloating, all the other things no one wants to talk about. “Everything looks normal. You’re just going to have to live with it. Try managing your stress.” Sound familiar? If so, you’re in the right place. Because I get it! I’ve been there. I’m also now symptom free… why? Because IBS is B.S.! I got to the root cause and you can too!
Studies show that up to 78% of people with IBS have a condition called SIBO... which you can get rid of! For 15 years I was told there was nothing I could do about my debilitating GI symptoms– pain, cramps, bloating, all the other things no one wants to talk about. “Everything looks normal. You’re just going to have to live with it. Try managing your stress.” Sound familiar? If so, you’re in the right place. Because I get it! I’ve been there. I’m also now symptom free… why? Because IBS is B.S.! I got to the root cause and you can too!
(804) 294-4189 View (804) 294-4189
Photo of Lienna May, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, LDN
Lienna May
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, LDN
1 Endorsed
Marlborough, MA 01752
Health concerns are deeply personal and impact various aspects of your life. I am here to offer you personalized support. I believe in addressing the root causes of health issues. Together, we'll explore the underlying causes of your health issues, addressing them at their roots rather than merely alleviating symptoms. My goal is to empower you with the knowledge and tools needed to make sustainable, positive changes for long-term well-being.
Health concerns are deeply personal and impact various aspects of your life. I am here to offer you personalized support. I believe in addressing the root causes of health issues. Together, we'll explore the underlying causes of your health issues, addressing them at their roots rather than merely alleviating symptoms. My goal is to empower you with the knowledge and tools needed to make sustainable, positive changes for long-term well-being.
(941) 352-8505 View (941) 352-8505
Photo of Alexa Siminsky, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Alexa Siminsky
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Serves Area
Welcome! I am a Registered Dietitian in Providence, Rhode Island. I enjoy helping my clients make realistic changes that they can incorporate into their lifestyle. I chose to pursue a career in nutrition to be a reliable source for those seeking guidance on their nutritional health.
Welcome! I am a Registered Dietitian in Providence, Rhode Island. I enjoy helping my clients make realistic changes that they can incorporate into their lifestyle. I chose to pursue a career in nutrition to be a reliable source for those seeking guidance on their nutritional health.
(848) 256-0724 View (848) 256-0724
Photo of Kellie Conroy Steele, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Kellie Conroy Steele
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Mansfield, MA 02048
Kellie Steele, MS, RD, LDN is a registered dietitian with over 7+ years of experience in outpatient nutrition counseling. She has a passion for helping people create real and lasting lifestyle changes that lead to significant improvements in health and overall quality of life. She firmly believes healthy eating should be as easy and flexible as it is enjoyable.
Kellie Steele, MS, RD, LDN is a registered dietitian with over 7+ years of experience in outpatient nutrition counseling. She has a passion for helping people create real and lasting lifestyle changes that lead to significant improvements in health and overall quality of life. She firmly believes healthy eating should be as easy and flexible as it is enjoyable.
(774) 703-4165 View (774) 703-4165
Photo of Alora Frederick, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Alora Frederick
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Waltham, MA 02452
I am a Registered Dietitian focused on applying integrative and functional nutrition models, which examine the root cause of issues rather than just addressing the symptoms. I love to help people feel their best and have a special interest in GI health and mental health (depression & anxiety). I strive to motivate individuals on their health journey and enjoy facilitating an understanding and practical application of nutrition science.
I am a Registered Dietitian focused on applying integrative and functional nutrition models, which examine the root cause of issues rather than just addressing the symptoms. I love to help people feel their best and have a special interest in GI health and mental health (depression & anxiety). I strive to motivate individuals on their health journey and enjoy facilitating an understanding and practical application of nutrition science.
(781) 746-7347 x149 View (781) 746-7347 x149
FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians

How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in 02492?

To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.

When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.

What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?

The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.

A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.

In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.

When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.

Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.

Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.

How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.

Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?

If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.

Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.