Non-Diet Approach Nutritionists and Dietitians in N4L

Photo of Michaela Marie Harron, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MSc, RD
Michaela Marie Harron
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MSc, RD
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am passionate about helping individuals make peace with food and reduce the stress around food. I believe in supporting the mental aspect of nourishment, as well as building sustainable habits to support wellness. No quick-fixes, but building a set of life-long skills to enhance your confidence with making food decisions that best support your needs. I practice using Intuitive Eating and HAES frameworks, and believe that every body shape and size is worthy. In my sessions, I incorporate body image work and tools to improve your relationship with food.
I am passionate about helping individuals make peace with food and reduce the stress around food. I believe in supporting the mental aspect of nourishment, as well as building sustainable habits to support wellness. No quick-fixes, but building a set of life-long skills to enhance your confidence with making food decisions that best support your needs. I practice using Intuitive Eating and HAES frameworks, and believe that every body shape and size is worthy. In my sessions, I incorporate body image work and tools to improve your relationship with food.
(249) 209-8367 View (249) 209-8367

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Photo of Vanessa Hurley, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Vanessa Hurley
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am accepting NEW patients for phone & video sessions for people of all ages 0+. I have 20+ years of experience providing evidence-based food & nutrition advice as well as compassionate care to infants, kids, teens, adults & seniors. I will work with you to create the best possible plan to meet your food & nutrition goals. Healthy eating is not just what you eat, but also why & how you eat. I can also work with you on ensuring you develop & maintain a heathy relationship with food, while integrating intuitive eating principles & mindful eating strategies. Let’s work together to make positive & lasting changes to your health.
I am accepting NEW patients for phone & video sessions for people of all ages 0+. I have 20+ years of experience providing evidence-based food & nutrition advice as well as compassionate care to infants, kids, teens, adults & seniors. I will work with you to create the best possible plan to meet your food & nutrition goals. Healthy eating is not just what you eat, but also why & how you eat. I can also work with you on ensuring you develop & maintain a heathy relationship with food, while integrating intuitive eating principles & mindful eating strategies. Let’s work together to make positive & lasting changes to your health.
(365) 544-5153 View (365) 544-5153
Photo of Anna Prestia, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Anna Prestia
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
2 Endorsed
Online Only
New patients welcome! I am a RD with over 20 years of experience providing expert nutrition care across all stages of life. I have expertise spanning infant and pediatric nutrition, oncology, prenatal/post-natal nutrition, disordered eating, cardiac health, diabetes, weight management, weight concerns, cancer, GI conditions, allergies, anti-inflammatory nutrition & tube feedings. I have worked extensively in acute care hospital settings, as well as in outpatient clinics and private practice. I offer practical guidance that builds confidence, supports symptoms, and strengthens a positive relationship with food.
New patients welcome! I am a RD with over 20 years of experience providing expert nutrition care across all stages of life. I have expertise spanning infant and pediatric nutrition, oncology, prenatal/post-natal nutrition, disordered eating, cardiac health, diabetes, weight management, weight concerns, cancer, GI conditions, allergies, anti-inflammatory nutrition & tube feedings. I have worked extensively in acute care hospital settings, as well as in outpatient clinics and private practice. I offer practical guidance that builds confidence, supports symptoms, and strengthens a positive relationship with food.
(289) 401-1597 View (289) 401-1597
Photo of Carol Holland, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CBE
Carol Holland
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CBE
Online Only
I have over 17 years of experience providing nutrition counselling to people of all ages and stages of life, from pre-natal to palliative. I can help with any nutrition-related condition. Whether your goal is to manage blood pressure or cholesterol, prevent diabetes, lose weight or get your gut symptoms under control, together we'll create a personalized plan to help you take charge of your symptoms and get back to living your best life. And if you are an emotional eater or have an eating disorder, we can work together with your treatment team to improve your relationship with food.
I have over 17 years of experience providing nutrition counselling to people of all ages and stages of life, from pre-natal to palliative. I can help with any nutrition-related condition. Whether your goal is to manage blood pressure or cholesterol, prevent diabetes, lose weight or get your gut symptoms under control, together we'll create a personalized plan to help you take charge of your symptoms and get back to living your best life. And if you are an emotional eater or have an eating disorder, we can work together with your treatment team to improve your relationship with food.
(548) 325-8963 View (548) 325-8963
Photo of Chantal Hayes, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Chantal Hayes
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Online Only
Do you feel like you’re drowning in a sea of diet culture or at war with your body? Have you lost count of all your external food rules? If you’ve been thinking about getting off the diet rollercoaster but aren't sure how to go about it, I’m so glad you’re here. I would be honored and grateful to guide you back to your intuitive roots, to deeply nourish your body, mind, and soul. If you want to start listening to your internal cues and break free from the deprivation and guilt cycle, let's work together towards making you feel empowered and liberated from the constant stress and anxiety associated with dieting.
Do you feel like you’re drowning in a sea of diet culture or at war with your body? Have you lost count of all your external food rules? If you’ve been thinking about getting off the diet rollercoaster but aren't sure how to go about it, I’m so glad you’re here. I would be honored and grateful to guide you back to your intuitive roots, to deeply nourish your body, mind, and soul. If you want to start listening to your internal cues and break free from the deprivation and guilt cycle, let's work together towards making you feel empowered and liberated from the constant stress and anxiety associated with dieting.
(548) 639-2145 View (548) 639-2145
Photo of Allysa Solberg, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, MAN
Allysa Solberg
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, MAN
Online Only
Are you ready to unlock the transformative power of food for your health and well-being? I’m here to support your nutrition journey with personalized virtual consultations tailored to your lifestyle and goals. I specialize in nutrition for managing IBS, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, I offer guidance in reproductive health and fertility nutrition. Whether you're seeking to address specific health concerns or simply aiming to embrace a healthier lifestyle, I’m here to help you boost your energy, health, and overall well-being.
Are you ready to unlock the transformative power of food for your health and well-being? I’m here to support your nutrition journey with personalized virtual consultations tailored to your lifestyle and goals. I specialize in nutrition for managing IBS, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, I offer guidance in reproductive health and fertility nutrition. Whether you're seeking to address specific health concerns or simply aiming to embrace a healthier lifestyle, I’m here to help you boost your energy, health, and overall well-being.
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Photo of Natasha Beatson Registered Dietitian, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CDE
Natasha Beatson Registered Dietitian
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CDE
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I use a non-diet approach to help individuals improve their relationship with food and their bodies.
Whether you have been struggling with an eating disorder diagnosis, chronic dieting or just simply want to improve your relationship with food and your body, we can work together on a personalized nourishment plan to get you closer to food freedom and living your best life.
I use a non-diet approach to help individuals improve their relationship with food and their bodies.
Whether you have been struggling with an eating disorder diagnosis, chronic dieting or just simply want to improve your relationship with food and your body, we can work together on a personalized nourishment plan to get you closer to food freedom and living your best life.
(249) 202-2305 View (249) 202-2305

Online Dietitians and Nutritionists

Photo of Theresa Silverthorn - CBT Wellness & Virtual Services, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
CBT Wellness & Virtual Services
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
4 Endorsed
Brampton, ON L6Y
Accepting NEW patients. We have immediate availability for daytime & evening appointments. Whether you’re a new mom navigating the world in an unfamiliar body, a parent looking to support their child with healthy habits, an adolescent looking to expand or improve their diet, or an adult ready to break free of the constant yo-yo dieting-I can help. It’s never too early or too late to focus on your relationship with food to create sustainable habits that support your entire well-being – physical, mental and emotional health. I have extensive experience treating binge-eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa & ARFID.
Accepting NEW patients. We have immediate availability for daytime & evening appointments. Whether you’re a new mom navigating the world in an unfamiliar body, a parent looking to support their child with healthy habits, an adolescent looking to expand or improve their diet, or an adult ready to break free of the constant yo-yo dieting-I can help. It’s never too early or too late to focus on your relationship with food to create sustainable habits that support your entire well-being – physical, mental and emotional health. I have extensive experience treating binge-eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa & ARFID.
(289) 723-1959 View (289) 723-1959
Photo of Theresa Silverthorn, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Theresa Silverthorn
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
6 Endorsed
Mississauga, ON L5W
Accepting NEW patients. We have immediate availability for daytime & evening appointments. Whether you’re a new mom navigating the world in an unfamiliar body, a parent looking to support their child with healthy habits, an adolescent looking to expand or improve their diet, or an adult ready to break free of the constant yo-yo dieting-I can help. It’s never too early or too late to focus on your relationship with food to create sustainable habits that support your entire well-being – physical, mental and emotional health. I have extensive experience treating binge-eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa & ARFID.
Accepting NEW patients. We have immediate availability for daytime & evening appointments. Whether you’re a new mom navigating the world in an unfamiliar body, a parent looking to support their child with healthy habits, an adolescent looking to expand or improve their diet, or an adult ready to break free of the constant yo-yo dieting-I can help. It’s never too early or too late to focus on your relationship with food to create sustainable habits that support your entire well-being – physical, mental and emotional health. I have extensive experience treating binge-eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa & ARFID.
(289) 271-3480 View (289) 271-3480
Photo of Doreen Hsu - Sustain Nutrition Services, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MScFN, RD
Sustain Nutrition Services
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MScFN, RD
Markham, ON L3P
If you're a parent struggling with trying to get your child to eat, I can help you get unstuck. Don't give up on what feels like a hopeless situation. You're not alone and you don't need to solve it on your own. I have helped hundreds upon hundreds of parents overcome their child's nutrition issues. Message me to see how I can help you and your family also. To the busy mom: you're the glue to your family, and your health and wellness is just as important as everyone else's. Don't delay on taking care of yourself, reach out and see how I can help you feel better, stronger and healthier. You deserve it.
If you're a parent struggling with trying to get your child to eat, I can help you get unstuck. Don't give up on what feels like a hopeless situation. You're not alone and you don't need to solve it on your own. I have helped hundreds upon hundreds of parents overcome their child's nutrition issues. Message me to see how I can help you and your family also. To the busy mom: you're the glue to your family, and your health and wellness is just as important as everyone else's. Don't delay on taking care of yourself, reach out and see how I can help you feel better, stronger and healthier. You deserve it.
(289) 512-2893 View (289) 512-2893
Photo of Catherine Lin Rd, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Catherine Lin Rd
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
5 Endorsed
Markham, ON L3R
Accepting NEW patients-immediate openings! Are you tired of yo-yo dieting and constantly thinking about food? Do you want to ditch dieting for good and gain food freedom? Are you confused about what to eat? Do you want to break the cycle of overeating? We can work together to achieve your best weight and health using science based treatment and tools. I provide nutrition counselling in obesity management, diabetes management, digestive health, and chronic disease prevention and management. I have years of experience with helping individuals with making sustainable lifestyle changes.
Accepting NEW patients-immediate openings! Are you tired of yo-yo dieting and constantly thinking about food? Do you want to ditch dieting for good and gain food freedom? Are you confused about what to eat? Do you want to break the cycle of overeating? We can work together to achieve your best weight and health using science based treatment and tools. I provide nutrition counselling in obesity management, diabetes management, digestive health, and chronic disease prevention and management. I have years of experience with helping individuals with making sustainable lifestyle changes.
(289) 312-4847 View (289) 312-4847
Photo of Saima Khan, Nutritionist/Dietitian, Saima, Khan, RD
Saima Khan
Nutritionist/Dietitian, Saima, Khan, RD
Mississauga, ON L4T
Hi there! I’m Saima, a registered dietitian, and I’m excited to help you improve your health and well-being. If you’re feeling overwhelmed by nutrition information or struggling with managing chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, weight management, or digestive issues, you're in the right place. I offer a non-restrictive dietary approach designed to help you gain the knowledge and skills needed to achieve your health goals.
Hi there! I’m Saima, a registered dietitian, and I’m excited to help you improve your health and well-being. If you’re feeling overwhelmed by nutrition information or struggling with managing chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, weight management, or digestive issues, you're in the right place. I offer a non-restrictive dietary approach designed to help you gain the knowledge and skills needed to achieve your health goals.
(226) 400-1156 View (226) 400-1156
Photo of Misha Roy - CBT Wellness and Virtual Services, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
CBT Wellness and Virtual Services
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
1 Endorsed
Mississauga, ON L4T
Accepting NEW clients. Imagine your ideal health journey-You want more energy, less stress around food, and confidence that what you eat is truly supporting your health. Maybe you’re managing diabetes, digestive issues, or food intolerances. Perhaps you’re navigating weight changes, pregnancy, postpartum recovery, or building strength for sports and fitness. You may even be balancing complex needs like food allergies, hypertension, or diabetes. This is where we can help. Our dietitians have 15+ years of experience helping individuals & families find realistic, enjoyable & sustainable ways to eat well without strict diets.
Accepting NEW clients. Imagine your ideal health journey-You want more energy, less stress around food, and confidence that what you eat is truly supporting your health. Maybe you’re managing diabetes, digestive issues, or food intolerances. Perhaps you’re navigating weight changes, pregnancy, postpartum recovery, or building strength for sports and fitness. You may even be balancing complex needs like food allergies, hypertension, or diabetes. This is where we can help. Our dietitians have 15+ years of experience helping individuals & families find realistic, enjoyable & sustainable ways to eat well without strict diets.
(289) 275-4567 View (289) 275-4567
Photo of Julia Stanislavskaia, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, MScFN, BSc
Julia Stanislavskaia
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, MScFN, BSc
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5G
If you are feeling unwell due to digestive symptoms, inflammation, fatigue, migraines, discomfort with your body and weight or mental health issues and feel that your problems may be related to food, contact me to explore how I can help you. I counsel on a wide variety of health issues from food sensitivities and eating disorders to weight management and heart health, among others. I work with people of all ages and have extensive experience in assessing and supporting complex patients with multiple conditions.
If you are feeling unwell due to digestive symptoms, inflammation, fatigue, migraines, discomfort with your body and weight or mental health issues and feel that your problems may be related to food, contact me to explore how I can help you. I counsel on a wide variety of health issues from food sensitivities and eating disorders to weight management and heart health, among others. I work with people of all ages and have extensive experience in assessing and supporting complex patients with multiple conditions.
(647) 371-5843 View (647) 371-5843
Photo of Catherine Lin, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CDE
Catherine Lin
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CDE
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T
Accepting NEW patients for phone & video sessions-immediate openings! Are you tired of yo-yo dieting and constantly thinking about food? Do you want to ditch dieting for good and gain food freedom? Are you confused about what to eat? Do you want to break the cycle of overeating? We can work together to achieve your best weight and health using science based treatment and tools. I provide nutrition counselling in obesity management, diabetes management, digestive health, and chronic disease prevention and management. I have years of experience with helping individuals with making sustainable lifestyle changes.
Accepting NEW patients for phone & video sessions-immediate openings! Are you tired of yo-yo dieting and constantly thinking about food? Do you want to ditch dieting for good and gain food freedom? Are you confused about what to eat? Do you want to break the cycle of overeating? We can work together to achieve your best weight and health using science based treatment and tools. I provide nutrition counselling in obesity management, diabetes management, digestive health, and chronic disease prevention and management. I have years of experience with helping individuals with making sustainable lifestyle changes.
(289) 312-2924 View (289) 312-2924
Photo of Timothy Leung - Timothy Leung | TeamNutrition Dietitian Toronto, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, DtP
Timothy Leung | TeamNutrition Dietitian Toronto
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, DtP
Markham, ON L3R
As Registered Dietitians in Toronto at TeamNutrition, we are guided by the deep desire to bring you to your health or performance goals. As a team, we support each other in order to offer you an exceptional service, that is personalized to you and adapted to the latest food science. This strength has led us to be chosen as a proud university partner. We were chosen to offer our services in four Universities in Québec. Our dietitians are guided by our mandate: Innovation, progress, care, and professionalism.
As Registered Dietitians in Toronto at TeamNutrition, we are guided by the deep desire to bring you to your health or performance goals. As a team, we support each other in order to offer you an exceptional service, that is personalized to you and adapted to the latest food science. This strength has led us to be chosen as a proud university partner. We were chosen to offer our services in four Universities in Québec. Our dietitians are guided by our mandate: Innovation, progress, care, and professionalism.
(289) 212-7756 View (289) 212-7756
Photo of Jackie Vykoukal, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, MHSc
Jackie Vykoukal
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, MHSc
Thornhill, ON L3T
Navigating a diagnosis of PCOS, reading conflicting information on IBS or managing menopausal symptoms can feel overwhelming! Guiding you through the noise in the information age to support your health journey is what I find incredibly rewarding as a dietitian and I want to be alongside you every step of the way.

 Throughout my career, I’ve recognized that people are more dynamic than their diagnoses so I utilize a holistic lens that acknowledges the role diet, food environment, sleep and mental well-being play in health.
Navigating a diagnosis of PCOS, reading conflicting information on IBS or managing menopausal symptoms can feel overwhelming! Guiding you through the noise in the information age to support your health journey is what I find incredibly rewarding as a dietitian and I want to be alongside you every step of the way.

 Throughout my career, I’ve recognized that people are more dynamic than their diagnoses so I utilize a holistic lens that acknowledges the role diet, food environment, sleep and mental well-being play in health.
(226) 910-1222 View (226) 910-1222
Photo of Dawn Peacock, Nutritionist/Dietitian, BSc, RD
Dawn Peacock
Nutritionist/Dietitian, BSc, RD
Toronto, ON M7A
Specialty: Women’s Health, Weight Concerns, Emotional Eating, Menopause, Celiac Disease, Disordered Eating, Mental Health, ADHD, Autism, Bone Health, Meal Planning. Warm, genuine, and down-to-earth, Dawn Peacock is a Registered Dietitian with over 20 years of experience helping clients simplify nutrition, reduce food stress, and build confidence in their eating habits. Known for her practical, compassionate approach, Dawn helps clients cut through the noise around food and find realistic strategies that work in everyday life. She’s recognized for her ability to turn complex nutrition science into practical, doable steps.
Specialty: Women’s Health, Weight Concerns, Emotional Eating, Menopause, Celiac Disease, Disordered Eating, Mental Health, ADHD, Autism, Bone Health, Meal Planning. Warm, genuine, and down-to-earth, Dawn Peacock is a Registered Dietitian with over 20 years of experience helping clients simplify nutrition, reduce food stress, and build confidence in their eating habits. Known for her practical, compassionate approach, Dawn helps clients cut through the noise around food and find realistic strategies that work in everyday life. She’s recognized for her ability to turn complex nutrition science into practical, doable steps.
(587) 741-9727 View (587) 741-9727
Photo of Sandra Edwards, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CLT
Sandra Edwards
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CLT
Markham, ON L3R
As a Registered Dietitian I help my clients achieve a healthier lifestyle. My ideal client wants increased energy, weight loss without deprivation, less medication, improved blood cholesterol, balanced blood sugars, reduced stress levels, increased physical activity and feelings of well-being. She may have been on numerous diets and struggling with work/life balance. She has discovered that restrictive diets simply don't work. She is ready to embark on a healthy lifestyle approach. Best results with a 3 mo, 6 mo and 12 month health coaching plan.
As a Registered Dietitian I help my clients achieve a healthier lifestyle. My ideal client wants increased energy, weight loss without deprivation, less medication, improved blood cholesterol, balanced blood sugars, reduced stress levels, increased physical activity and feelings of well-being. She may have been on numerous diets and struggling with work/life balance. She has discovered that restrictive diets simply don't work. She is ready to embark on a healthy lifestyle approach. Best results with a 3 mo, 6 mo and 12 month health coaching plan.
(416) 937-1458 View (416) 937-1458
Photo of Theresa Silverthorn, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Theresa Silverthorn
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6G
Accepting NEW patients. We have immediate availability for daytime & evening appointments. Whether you’re a new mom navigating the world in an unfamiliar body, a parent looking to support their child with healthy habits, an adolescent looking to expand or improve their diet, or an adult ready to break free of the constant yo-yo dieting-I can help. It’s never too early or too late to focus on your relationship with food to create sustainable habits that support your entire well-being – physical, mental and emotional health. I have extensive experience treating binge-eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa & ARFID.
Accepting NEW patients. We have immediate availability for daytime & evening appointments. Whether you’re a new mom navigating the world in an unfamiliar body, a parent looking to support their child with healthy habits, an adolescent looking to expand or improve their diet, or an adult ready to break free of the constant yo-yo dieting-I can help. It’s never too early or too late to focus on your relationship with food to create sustainable habits that support your entire well-being – physical, mental and emotional health. I have extensive experience treating binge-eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa & ARFID.
(647) 360-9366 View (647) 360-9366
Non-Diet Approach Nutritionists and Dietitians
What is the non-diet approach to nutrition?
A non-diet approach to nutrition is a holistic strategy that prioritizes overall health and well-being over strict diets or weight loss plans. Dietitians who practice this approach emphasize intuitive eating, encouraging clients to listen to their internal hunger and fullness cues rather than following rigid dietary rules. This method promotes a healthier relationship with food and fosters self-acceptance, especially for individuals with a history of dieting or disordered eating patterns.

Why should I see a dietitian who takes a non-diet approach?
As more evidence highlights the ineffectiveness and potential harm of many diets, the non-diet approach is gaining popularity and recognition as a sustainable and compassionate nutritional strategy. Non-diet dietitians help clients shift their focus from weight to overall health, supporting behaviors that enhance physical and emotional well-being. Therefore, a non-diet approach to nutrition may be a welcome change for many individuals who are looking to branch out from the heavy emphasis on diets and weights that many professionals in the medical and wellness communities may have. Additionally, because non-diet dietitians take a more holistic approach, they will also often work with clients on their relationship to other lifestyle habits that impact wellbeing, such as encouraging a healthy relationship with exercise.

What can a non-diet approach help with?
A non-diet approach can be highly beneficial for individuals with a history of eating disorders or disordered eating patterns, as well as those who have experienced repeated dieting with little success. This approach helps clients move away from rigid food rules and promotes a healthier relationship with food. By focusing on intuitive eating, clients learn to trust their internal hunger and fullness cues, rather than adhering to external dietary guidelines. This approach can help clients develop an intuitive sense of their nutritional needs, improve body acceptance, and reduce the psychological stress or shame commonly associated with dieting.

What should I look for in a non-diet dietitian?
When searching for a non-diet dietitian, it's important to consider several factors to ensure they are the right fit for you. Start by reviewing the dietitian's profile on Psychology Today or their personal website. Look for mentions of intuitive eating, body acceptance, or Health At Every Size (HAES) principles, which are indicative of a non-diet approach. Non-diet dietitians often outline their nutrition philosophy in these profiles. In addition to their approach, consider practical factors such as session costs, accepted insurance plans, and the availability of in-person or telehealth options. When you find a professional who seems like a good fit, reach out to speak with them. During the conversation, pay attention to whether you feel comfortable with them and how they explain their non-diet approach. If you are seeking a dietitian for a specific concern, such as disordered eating or chronic dieting, this can also be a good time to ask about their experience in these areas.