Nutritionists and Dietitians in 97078
Do you struggle with an eating disorder or disordered eating? I would love to support you on your journey to free yourself from a negative relationship with food and your body! I offer nutrition counseling for those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and OSFED. Disordered eating occurs on a spectrum and you do not need to be diagnosed with an eating disorder to be suffering! I also offer nutrition counseling services to help you achieve your health goals whether or not you feel you have disordered eating patterns.
Do you struggle with an eating disorder or disordered eating? I would love to support you on your journey to free yourself from a negative relationship with food and your body! I offer nutrition counseling for those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and OSFED. Disordered eating occurs on a spectrum and you do not need to be diagnosed with an eating disorder to be suffering! I also offer nutrition counseling services to help you achieve your health goals whether or not you feel you have disordered eating patterns.
More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby
Hello! I have my Master's in Nutrition/Dietetics and I am also a registered and certified nutritionist in OR and WA State. I also have a results guaranteed policy or your money back, so you know I am serious. I will only take you on as a client if I know I can help you achieve your goals! I work with a lot of clients that have weight loss goals and to prevent, reverse or manage chronic disease including heart disease and diabetes. It is my goal to make sure you live long, healthy, and at a high quality of life with holistic whole food nutritional life changes. I am also a climbing instructor, check it out, TreeClimbingAtSilverFalls
Hello! I have my Master's in Nutrition/Dietetics and I am also a registered and certified nutritionist in OR and WA State. I also have a results guaranteed policy or your money back, so you know I am serious. I will only take you on as a client if I know I can help you achieve your goals! I work with a lot of clients that have weight loss goals and to prevent, reverse or manage chronic disease including heart disease and diabetes. It is my goal to make sure you live long, healthy, and at a high quality of life with holistic whole food nutritional life changes. I am also a climbing instructor, check it out, TreeClimbingAtSilverFalls
Brianne is a Registered Dietitian at Health Loft who is passionate about providing personalized support to help clients reach their health goals and create sustainable lifestyle changes. She takes a compassionate, non-judgmental approach, meeting each person where they are in their journey. Brianne believes nutrition and health are not one-size-fits-all and is committed to walking alongside her clients, offering guidance tailored to their unique needs—one step at a time.
Brianne is a Registered Dietitian at Health Loft who is passionate about providing personalized support to help clients reach their health goals and create sustainable lifestyle changes. She takes a compassionate, non-judgmental approach, meeting each person where they are in their journey. Brianne believes nutrition and health are not one-size-fits-all and is committed to walking alongside her clients, offering guidance tailored to their unique needs—one step at a time.
Bailie is a Registered Dietitian with experience in weight loss, eating disorders and performance nutrition. She believes food is medicine and is dedicated to helping you create a positive relationship with food and movement while working together towards your goals. Bailie believes nutrition is not one size fits all and works with the patient to develop customized care based on the their goals, needs and lifestyle.
Bailie is a Registered Dietitian with experience in weight loss, eating disorders and performance nutrition. She believes food is medicine and is dedicated to helping you create a positive relationship with food and movement while working together towards your goals. Bailie believes nutrition is not one size fits all and works with the patient to develop customized care based on the their goals, needs and lifestyle.
Maria is a Registered Dietitian who strongly believes in improving physical, mental, and emotional health through nutrition. Maria enjoys using her clinical background to help others navigate their unique nutritional needs by providing individualized interventions. Maria believes in a patient-centered, evidenced-based approach to nutrition care. She will help you achieve your nutrition goals through education, counseling, and therapeutic modalities including cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure response prevention therapy, and medical nutrition therapy.
Maria is a Registered Dietitian who strongly believes in improving physical, mental, and emotional health through nutrition. Maria enjoys using her clinical background to help others navigate their unique nutritional needs by providing individualized interventions. Maria believes in a patient-centered, evidenced-based approach to nutrition care. She will help you achieve your nutrition goals through education, counseling, and therapeutic modalities including cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure response prevention therapy, and medical nutrition therapy.
Michaila is a registered dietitian who seeks to help patients achieve an overall sense of health and wellness. She creates a safe space for exploring nutritional patterns and concerns in a kind and non-judgmental way. Having worked at Cleveland Clinic's Center for Functional Medicine, she takes a comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes of symptoms. Her approach is patient-centered, tailoring each session to the client's individual wants and needs. When you collaborate with Michaila, she will guide you on a path to better health, optimizing nutrition and improving well-being.
Michaila is a registered dietitian who seeks to help patients achieve an overall sense of health and wellness. She creates a safe space for exploring nutritional patterns and concerns in a kind and non-judgmental way. Having worked at Cleveland Clinic's Center for Functional Medicine, she takes a comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes of symptoms. Her approach is patient-centered, tailoring each session to the client's individual wants and needs. When you collaborate with Michaila, she will guide you on a path to better health, optimizing nutrition and improving well-being.
Danielle is a registered dietitian, or as she would call it a 'food and body image counselor.' Specializing in the treatment of eating disorders, disordered eating, gastrointestinal disorders, IBS, intuitive eating, and somatic nutrition. She works in collaboration with you to help bring awareness to your body's unique nutrition needs through Intuitive Eating, while learning to respect your body and inspire hope. She practices from a Health At Every Size approach, believing all body's deserve respectful care and to be treated with kindness. This work can be vulnerable and empathy is at the center of her work with clients.
Danielle is a registered dietitian, or as she would call it a 'food and body image counselor.' Specializing in the treatment of eating disorders, disordered eating, gastrointestinal disorders, IBS, intuitive eating, and somatic nutrition. She works in collaboration with you to help bring awareness to your body's unique nutrition needs through Intuitive Eating, while learning to respect your body and inspire hope. She practices from a Health At Every Size approach, believing all body's deserve respectful care and to be treated with kindness. This work can be vulnerable and empathy is at the center of her work with clients.
My ideal client feels overwhelmed by the constant noise of viral wellness trends and "quick-fix" advice that often leaves them feeling more confused than when they started. They aren't looking for a generic PDF; they need a personalized approach with realistic goals that honor their culture, busy schedule, and unique food preferences. Whether you are managing a chronic illness, transitioning to a plant-based lifestyle, or learning to trust your body through intuitive eating, I provide the evidence-based clarity you need to trade "misinformation fatigue" for a sustainable, empowered path forward.
My ideal client feels overwhelmed by the constant noise of viral wellness trends and "quick-fix" advice that often leaves them feeling more confused than when they started. They aren't looking for a generic PDF; they need a personalized approach with realistic goals that honor their culture, busy schedule, and unique food preferences. Whether you are managing a chronic illness, transitioning to a plant-based lifestyle, or learning to trust your body through intuitive eating, I provide the evidence-based clarity you need to trade "misinformation fatigue" for a sustainable, empowered path forward.
Jody is a passionate advocate for health, wellness, and feeling your best. Jody is committed to empowering individuals to make positive and sustainable lifestyle changes. Jody strives to provide personalized guidance to help clients achieve their health goals and create a harmonious relationship with food. Recognizing that each individual's relationship with food is unique, Jody works to create a supportive and non-judgmental environment where clients feel empowered to explore their dietary preferences, navigate challenges and cultivate sustainable habits that align with their goals and values.
Jody is a passionate advocate for health, wellness, and feeling your best. Jody is committed to empowering individuals to make positive and sustainable lifestyle changes. Jody strives to provide personalized guidance to help clients achieve their health goals and create a harmonious relationship with food. Recognizing that each individual's relationship with food is unique, Jody works to create a supportive and non-judgmental environment where clients feel empowered to explore their dietary preferences, navigate challenges and cultivate sustainable habits that align with their goals and values.
My ideal client is a woman 35+ dealing with perimenopause or menopause. She’s frustrated by stubborn belly fat, low energy, poor sleep, mood swings, bloating, thinning hair, and skin issues (despite doing “everything right"). She wants real, long-term solutions. Her goal is to feel like herself again (or a better version of herself): leaner, energized, clear-headed, with clearer skin and fuller hair. She’s seeking expert guidance to optimize her metabolism, balance hormones, improve gut health, and get lasting results.
My ideal client is a woman 35+ dealing with perimenopause or menopause. She’s frustrated by stubborn belly fat, low energy, poor sleep, mood swings, bloating, thinning hair, and skin issues (despite doing “everything right"). She wants real, long-term solutions. Her goal is to feel like herself again (or a better version of herself): leaner, energized, clear-headed, with clearer skin and fuller hair. She’s seeking expert guidance to optimize her metabolism, balance hormones, improve gut health, and get lasting results.
Nicole is a registered dietitian who works with clients ready to take charge of their health and make lasting changes. These clients may be managing, or hoping to prevent, chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or obesity. Nicole helps them develop long-term strategies that prioritize prevention, manage existing conditions, and support a healthier, more vibrant life.
Nicole is a registered dietitian who works with clients ready to take charge of their health and make lasting changes. These clients may be managing, or hoping to prevent, chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or obesity. Nicole helps them develop long-term strategies that prioritize prevention, manage existing conditions, and support a healthier, more vibrant life.
Stone is a committed registered dietitian with expertise in outpatient nutritional care who enjoys working with clients for weight loss, heart health and gastrointestinal disorders. Grounded in evidence-based practices, Stone meets you where you are, crafting personalized interventions to align with your unique goals. Dedicated to inclusivity, Stone fosters a welcoming, judgment-free space that honors all body types, cultures, and aspirations. Passionate about empowering others, Stone will guide and support you on your wellness journey, making sure you feel understood and encouraged at every step.
Stone is a committed registered dietitian with expertise in outpatient nutritional care who enjoys working with clients for weight loss, heart health and gastrointestinal disorders. Grounded in evidence-based practices, Stone meets you where you are, crafting personalized interventions to align with your unique goals. Dedicated to inclusivity, Stone fosters a welcoming, judgment-free space that honors all body types, cultures, and aspirations. Passionate about empowering others, Stone will guide and support you on your wellness journey, making sure you feel understood and encouraged at every step.
Melissa is a dedicated Registered Dietitian who strives to build rapport with her clients and fully understand their nutritional challenges and needs while fostering a positive relationship with food and self-kindness. She enjoys helping others achieve positive changes in their mental and physical health through nutrition counseling and education. Melissa is particularly passionate about working with individuals struggling with eating disorders, disordered eating, and the connection between nutrition and mental health.
Melissa is a dedicated Registered Dietitian who strives to build rapport with her clients and fully understand their nutritional challenges and needs while fostering a positive relationship with food and self-kindness. She enjoys helping others achieve positive changes in their mental and physical health through nutrition counseling and education. Melissa is particularly passionate about working with individuals struggling with eating disorders, disordered eating, and the connection between nutrition and mental health.
Carly is a Registered Dietitian who is passionate about helping people live their healthiest lives while fostering a positive relationship with food. She believes in taking a holistic approach to address the complex relationship between nutrition, mental health, and chronic conditions. Carly provides HAES-aligned care and emphasizes a non-diet approach for her nutrition counseling and evidenced-based interventions in several areas of health and nutrition, including but not limited to, pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, weight management, heart health, and GI management.
Carly is a Registered Dietitian who is passionate about helping people live their healthiest lives while fostering a positive relationship with food. She believes in taking a holistic approach to address the complex relationship between nutrition, mental health, and chronic conditions. Carly provides HAES-aligned care and emphasizes a non-diet approach for her nutrition counseling and evidenced-based interventions in several areas of health and nutrition, including but not limited to, pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, weight management, heart health, and GI management.
Our specialties include disordered eating, intuitive eating, digestive health (IBD, SIBO, IBS), type 1 and type 2 diabetes, women's health, PCOS, autoimmune conditions, complex health issues, and more! We are a great fit if you want to focus on your nutrition concerns with dietitians who value quality of life and a healthy relationship to food and body, rather than calorie counting and weight loss, if you have a clear motivation for change, and are willing to be creative and open minded in your approach to managing your nutrition. We are compassionate and patient, and provide gentle and realistic guidance.
Our specialties include disordered eating, intuitive eating, digestive health (IBD, SIBO, IBS), type 1 and type 2 diabetes, women's health, PCOS, autoimmune conditions, complex health issues, and more! We are a great fit if you want to focus on your nutrition concerns with dietitians who value quality of life and a healthy relationship to food and body, rather than calorie counting and weight loss, if you have a clear motivation for change, and are willing to be creative and open minded in your approach to managing your nutrition. We are compassionate and patient, and provide gentle and realistic guidance.
Hi! I'm Mia (she/her). I’m a Registered Dietitian dedicated to providing culturally centered, accessible, and compassionate nutrition care. I am committed to providing HAES-aligned evidence based care that also honors and celebrates your lived experience. I utilize intuitive eating principles and motivational interviewing with an “all foods fit” and gentle nutrition approach.I will work with you from a place of curiosity and together we will develop tools, skills, and knowledge to better understand and nourish your body while working towards your health goals.
Hi! I'm Mia (she/her). I’m a Registered Dietitian dedicated to providing culturally centered, accessible, and compassionate nutrition care. I am committed to providing HAES-aligned evidence based care that also honors and celebrates your lived experience. I utilize intuitive eating principles and motivational interviewing with an “all foods fit” and gentle nutrition approach.I will work with you from a place of curiosity and together we will develop tools, skills, and knowledge to better understand and nourish your body while working towards your health goals.
Carol is a Registered Dietitian and Certified Eating Disorder Specialist dedicated to supporting individuals in their recovery and health-driven goals. Her approach to nutrition emphasizes a size-inclusive framework, prioritizing peace with food and fostering a healthy relationship with the body. Carol utilizes patient-centered care to provide a non-diet approach to nutrition.
Carol is a Registered Dietitian and Certified Eating Disorder Specialist dedicated to supporting individuals in their recovery and health-driven goals. Her approach to nutrition emphasizes a size-inclusive framework, prioritizing peace with food and fostering a healthy relationship with the body. Carol utilizes patient-centered care to provide a non-diet approach to nutrition.
Katie Whitson is a dedicated HAEs-aligned Registered Dietitian with a deep passion for fostering healthy, sustainable relationships with food and movement. She embraces a non-diet approach, focusing on the connection between nutrition and mental health. Katie employs evidence-based strategies to meet patients where they are in their care, empowering them through active involvement and personalized support. Her mission is to inspire lifelong, transformative changes by blending consistency, structure and creativity in every aspect of her practice.
Katie Whitson is a dedicated HAEs-aligned Registered Dietitian with a deep passion for fostering healthy, sustainable relationships with food and movement. She embraces a non-diet approach, focusing on the connection between nutrition and mental health. Katie employs evidence-based strategies to meet patients where they are in their care, empowering them through active involvement and personalized support. Her mission is to inspire lifelong, transformative changes by blending consistency, structure and creativity in every aspect of her practice.
Riley’s approach to care is rooted in developing a strong rapport with the client and making client’s feel safe and heard. Per her nutrition philosophy, Riley believes in nutrition care that is a mutual conversation where a client can have a say in their care, as this will lead to more sustainable, long-term progress; additionally, Riley practices from a non-diet and Health At Every Size (HAES) perspective for all clients, regardless of diagnosis. Riley prioritizes individualized treatment, tailoring interventions to meet clients developmental, financial, physical and emotional needs.
Riley’s approach to care is rooted in developing a strong rapport with the client and making client’s feel safe and heard. Per her nutrition philosophy, Riley believes in nutrition care that is a mutual conversation where a client can have a say in their care, as this will lead to more sustainable, long-term progress; additionally, Riley practices from a non-diet and Health At Every Size (HAES) perspective for all clients, regardless of diagnosis. Riley prioritizes individualized treatment, tailoring interventions to meet clients developmental, financial, physical and emotional needs.
Do you feel confused and overwhelmed by what to eat? Have you been feeling "off" for so long you can't remember what normal feels like? Are you struggling with gas, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, and/or constipation? I provide supportive nutrition counseling for gut problems. I help adults and children who struggle with digestive issues, such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Small Intestinal Overgrowth (SIBO), Candida overgrowth, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Celiac Disease, and food allergies. We will get to the root of the problem so you can eat with freedom and comfort.
Do you feel confused and overwhelmed by what to eat? Have you been feeling "off" for so long you can't remember what normal feels like? Are you struggling with gas, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, and/or constipation? I provide supportive nutrition counseling for gut problems. I help adults and children who struggle with digestive issues, such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Small Intestinal Overgrowth (SIBO), Candida overgrowth, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Celiac Disease, and food allergies. We will get to the root of the problem so you can eat with freedom and comfort.
FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians
How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in 97078?
To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.
When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.
When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.
What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?
The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.
A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.
In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.
A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.
In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.
When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?
Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.
Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.
Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.
Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?
A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.
How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?
The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.
Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?
If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.
Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.
Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.