Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Nutritionists and Dietitians in 07601

Photo of Angela Langner - Nutrition Center of Bergen County, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Nutrition Center of Bergen County
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Serves Area
As a Registered Dietitian I am passionate about providing personalized nutritional therapy to children, adolescents and adults. A skills based approach is used to create a healthy relationship with food. I do not believe in diets! You will begin on a healthy journey that will begin with developing an understanding of the role food plays in your life. Along the way, you will acquire skills necessary to make lifetime behavioral modifications to help improve or prevent such problems as Obesity, Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Cancers, Cardiovascular Disease, performance in sports/activities and self-image.
As a Registered Dietitian I am passionate about providing personalized nutritional therapy to children, adolescents and adults. A skills based approach is used to create a healthy relationship with food. I do not believe in diets! You will begin on a healthy journey that will begin with developing an understanding of the role food plays in your life. Along the way, you will acquire skills necessary to make lifetime behavioral modifications to help improve or prevent such problems as Obesity, Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Cancers, Cardiovascular Disease, performance in sports/activities and self-image.
(973) 862-4835 View (973) 862-4835

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Photo of Bess Berger - Nutrition by Bess, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CDN, CLT
Nutrition by Bess
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CDN, CLT
Teaneck, NJ 07666
How will I live with PCOS the rest of my LIFE?
The founder of Nutrition by Bess, with 23 years of professional experience and a focus on PCOS. Bess is dedicated to Empowering women to take control of their health through tailored nutrition strategies.
How will I live with PCOS the rest of my LIFE?
The founder of Nutrition by Bess, with 23 years of professional experience and a focus on PCOS. Bess is dedicated to Empowering women to take control of their health through tailored nutrition strategies.
(855) 951-5445 View (855) 951-5445
Photo of Dr. Kate Brock, Nutritionist/Dietitian, DCN, CNS, LDN
Dr. Kate Brock
Nutritionist/Dietitian, DCN, CNS, LDN
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Our team supports clients with concerns including digestive issues, hormone imbalances, PCOS, eating disorders, binge eating, emotional eating, blood sugar concerns, chronic dieting, and overall wellness support.
Our team offers personalized nutrition counseling for concerns including digestive issues, hormone imbalances, PCOS, eating disorders, binge eating, emotional eating, chronic dieting, blood sugar concerns, and overall wellness. Each practitioner has expertise in their area of focus and everyone is trained in both functional nutrition and intuitive eating.
Our team supports clients with concerns including digestive issues, hormone imbalances, PCOS, eating disorders, binge eating, emotional eating, blood sugar concerns, chronic dieting, and overall wellness support.
Our team offers personalized nutrition counseling for concerns including digestive issues, hormone imbalances, PCOS, eating disorders, binge eating, emotional eating, chronic dieting, blood sugar concerns, and overall wellness. Each practitioner has expertise in their area of focus and everyone is trained in both functional nutrition and intuitive eating.
(475) 256-5213 View (475) 256-5213
Photo of Alexandra Noelle Garney - Alexandra Garney, (Feel Good Nutrition Lab), Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS
Alexandra Garney, (Feel Good Nutrition Lab)
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS
Online Only
Still dealing with bloating, fatigue, hormone shifts, metabolic concerns, or symptoms that don’t make sense — even though you’re doing “all the right things”? I work with people who feel stuck between wanting answers and wanting something that actually fits real life. That perspective comes from experience: years spent navigating autoimmune symptoms and conflicting advice taught me that learning how to understand your body — not just manage diagnoses — is what actually helps you feel better. Today, I support people seeking clarity, relief, and sustainable support.
Still dealing with bloating, fatigue, hormone shifts, metabolic concerns, or symptoms that don’t make sense — even though you’re doing “all the right things”? I work with people who feel stuck between wanting answers and wanting something that actually fits real life. That perspective comes from experience: years spent navigating autoimmune symptoms and conflicting advice taught me that learning how to understand your body — not just manage diagnoses — is what actually helps you feel better. Today, I support people seeking clarity, relief, and sustainable support.
(609) 598-9771 View (609) 598-9771
Photo of Michelle Dougherty - Michelle Dougherty RD, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Michelle Dougherty RD
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927
I assist individuals with disordered eating to the full spectrum of eating disorders. My approach is holistic in that I work with a clients "whole" lifestyle. We will collaborate on new strategies for day to day nutrition; meals at home, work, travel and school. I can develop plans and suggestions for individuals as well as families to help create ease with meals and decrease stress around eating. My clinical experience allows me to counsel for most medical conditions, setting attainable goals that become lifestyle modifications.
I assist individuals with disordered eating to the full spectrum of eating disorders. My approach is holistic in that I work with a clients "whole" lifestyle. We will collaborate on new strategies for day to day nutrition; meals at home, work, travel and school. I can develop plans and suggestions for individuals as well as families to help create ease with meals and decrease stress around eating. My clinical experience allows me to counsel for most medical conditions, setting attainable goals that become lifestyle modifications.
(908) 854-4041 View (908) 854-4041
Photo of Nicole Hallissey, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CDN
Nicole Hallissey
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CDN
3 Endorsed
Mahwah, NJ 07430
Nearly 95 percent of my insurance clients pay $0 out of pocket for their sessions! When we work together I'll give you the tools needed to feel confident in your food choices and in control around food. I'll guide you through creating a plan that works for YOU, based on your body's needs, lifestyle, and food preferences. Together, we'll simplify cooking with quick, easy recipes, and I'll share realistic strategies to make meal planning a breeze. Let's make your wellness adventure enjoyable, achievable, and sustainable! Currently, I only offer virtual sessions. Get started ASAP, book directly using this link: bit.ly/bookRDnow
Nearly 95 percent of my insurance clients pay $0 out of pocket for their sessions! When we work together I'll give you the tools needed to feel confident in your food choices and in control around food. I'll guide you through creating a plan that works for YOU, based on your body's needs, lifestyle, and food preferences. Together, we'll simplify cooking with quick, easy recipes, and I'll share realistic strategies to make meal planning a breeze. Let's make your wellness adventure enjoyable, achievable, and sustainable! Currently, I only offer virtual sessions. Get started ASAP, book directly using this link: bit.ly/bookRDnow
(551) 272-6869 View (551) 272-6869
Photo of Haleigh Mann, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Haleigh Mann
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
3 Endorsed
Newark, NJ 07105
Haleigh is a registered dietitian who is passionate about helping her clients discover their love for food and their bodies. Haleigh provides evidence-based nutrition education and works to empower clients to make realistic changes that work with their unique lifestyles and preferences. Haleigh approaches each client personally and individually. She has an anti-diet, all-foods-fit, trauma-informed approach to care. She enjoys the challenge of working closely with each client to meet their goals and live their best life while building a healthier relationship with food and their body.
Haleigh is a registered dietitian who is passionate about helping her clients discover their love for food and their bodies. Haleigh provides evidence-based nutrition education and works to empower clients to make realistic changes that work with their unique lifestyles and preferences. Haleigh approaches each client personally and individually. She has an anti-diet, all-foods-fit, trauma-informed approach to care. She enjoys the challenge of working closely with each client to meet their goals and live their best life while building a healthier relationship with food and their body.
(640) 209-4955 View (640) 209-4955
Photo of Laura Weisberg, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Laura Weisberg
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Wayne, NJ 07470
At LW Nutrition, we take pride in guiding you toward your goals without the need for extreme measures like counting calories or adhering to strict diets. We understand that making lifestyle changes can be challenging for many reasons. Whether you’re searching for meal prep ideas, dedicated to achieving your weight goals, or managing a health condition, we’ve got you covered!
At LW Nutrition, we take pride in guiding you toward your goals without the need for extreme measures like counting calories or adhering to strict diets. We understand that making lifestyle changes can be challenging for many reasons. Whether you’re searching for meal prep ideas, dedicated to achieving your weight goals, or managing a health condition, we’ve got you covered!
(201) 431-3514 View (201) 431-3514
Photo of Elysa Dinzes, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPA, RD, CDN, CLT
Elysa Dinzes
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPA, RD, CDN, CLT
1 Endorsed
Livingston, NJ 07039
Are you struggling to navigate the confusing and toxic food environment in which we live? Do you feel bloated, tired, or struggle with your weight? We've all been there at some point in our lives and know how difficult it can be to get back on track. Whether you want to address a specific illness or symptom, or simply need a little kick-start, I will meet you wherever you are in your journey to good health. All appointments and plans are customized to your individual needs. Face to face and virtual appointments are available, so we can work together no matter where you live!
Are you struggling to navigate the confusing and toxic food environment in which we live? Do you feel bloated, tired, or struggle with your weight? We've all been there at some point in our lives and know how difficult it can be to get back on track. Whether you want to address a specific illness or symptom, or simply need a little kick-start, I will meet you wherever you are in your journey to good health. All appointments and plans are customized to your individual needs. Face to face and virtual appointments are available, so we can work together no matter where you live!
(917) 837-0598 View (917) 837-0598
Photo of Douglas Liner, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
Douglas Liner
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Doug specializes in: Pre-Daibetes, Type 1 and 2 Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes, Weight Management, Bariatics, GLP-1 medication support, PCOS, Cardio-Metabolic conditions, Fatty Liver Disease, Digestive Health, Mindful and Intuitive Eating Behaviors.
Hello! I am Doug Liner, a Registered Dietitian with 30 years of experience working with others in diabetes care, metabolic health, and weight loss. I work with a wide range of other medical conditions and hold a Certificate of training in Adult and Pediatric Obesity from the Commission on Dietetic Registration. I believe nutritional care should be approached through simple to understand and implement tools for daily living.
Doug specializes in: Pre-Daibetes, Type 1 and 2 Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes, Weight Management, Bariatics, GLP-1 medication support, PCOS, Cardio-Metabolic conditions, Fatty Liver Disease, Digestive Health, Mindful and Intuitive Eating Behaviors.
Hello! I am Doug Liner, a Registered Dietitian with 30 years of experience working with others in diabetes care, metabolic health, and weight loss. I work with a wide range of other medical conditions and hold a Certificate of training in Adult and Pediatric Obesity from the Commission on Dietetic Registration. I believe nutritional care should be approached through simple to understand and implement tools for daily living.
(551) 291-1247 View (551) 291-1247
Photo of Janet Lau - Nutrition Custom Care LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CDN, CLT, Holisti, Coach
Nutrition Custom Care LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CDN, CLT, Holisti, Coach
1 Endorsed
Jersey City, NJ 07310
Many patients come to me struggling with emotional or stress eating, weight management, skin issues, digestive problems, mood and energy fluctuations, blood sugar irregularities, autoimmune conditions, inflammation, and lab abnormalities. These often stem from habits like disordered eating, poor food choices, inactivity, dehydration, and stress. Does this sound familiar?
Many patients come to me struggling with emotional or stress eating, weight management, skin issues, digestive problems, mood and energy fluctuations, blood sugar irregularities, autoimmune conditions, inflammation, and lab abnormalities. These often stem from habits like disordered eating, poor food choices, inactivity, dehydration, and stress. Does this sound familiar?
(201) 720-6671 View (201) 720-6671
Photo of Julia Jaskiewicz, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CDE
Julia Jaskiewicz
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CDE
Montclair, NJ 07043
My name is Julie Jaskiewicz and I am a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist and a Diabetes Educator. I have worked in a diabetes center for over 25 years and have also maintained a private practice at Montclair Health Associates for almost as long. I enjoy working with people to help them attain their goals whether that is to improve their health by lowering the blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels or to lose weight. Many people know some of the basics of healthy eating but do not know how to put it all together to make sense. Let me assist!
My name is Julie Jaskiewicz and I am a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist and a Diabetes Educator. I have worked in a diabetes center for over 25 years and have also maintained a private practice at Montclair Health Associates for almost as long. I enjoy working with people to help them attain their goals whether that is to improve their health by lowering the blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels or to lose weight. Many people know some of the basics of healthy eating but do not know how to put it all together to make sense. Let me assist!
(973) 309-7559 View (973) 309-7559
Photo of Alexandra Paetow, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD
Alexandra Paetow
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD
Maplewood, NJ 07040
Ready to finally experience food freedom and improve your fertility, pregnancy, postpartum, and parenthood? To nourish your body the way you deserve, and enjoy all the foods without stressing? To lift the burden of body image shame and feel good about the lifestyle you are role modeling for your (future) family. Whether you’ve had a lifelong battle with food, or the changes of pregnancy and postpartum have triggered new challenges…I can help. Let’s take the stress out of eating. Diets and disordered eating steal your joy and can prevent you from creating the family and lifestyle of your dreams. It doesn’t have to be that way.
Ready to finally experience food freedom and improve your fertility, pregnancy, postpartum, and parenthood? To nourish your body the way you deserve, and enjoy all the foods without stressing? To lift the burden of body image shame and feel good about the lifestyle you are role modeling for your (future) family. Whether you’ve had a lifelong battle with food, or the changes of pregnancy and postpartum have triggered new challenges…I can help. Let’s take the stress out of eating. Diets and disordered eating steal your joy and can prevent you from creating the family and lifestyle of your dreams. It doesn’t have to be that way.
(908) 336-9736 View (908) 336-9736
Photo of Amanda Ghighi, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Amanda Ghighi
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
5 Endorsed
Newark, NJ 07104
Specialties include: Digestive issues,Crohn's Disease, Celiac Disease, Disordered eating, eating disorders, mindful/intuitive eating, PCOS, general health and wellness and weight gain/restoration
Amanda is an RD specializing in general health and wellness, eating disorders and disordered eating. She is dedicated to helping individuals heal their relationship with food and their bodies. Amanda believes in creating a compassionate and supportive environment, incorporating evidence-based nutrition practices to guide clients toward sustainable changes. She strives to empower her clients to break free from diet culture and develop a nourishing and balanced approach to eating. Amanda offers compassionate, patient-centered nutrition care, focusing on non-diet, weight-inclusive principles.
Specialties include: Digestive issues,Crohn's Disease, Celiac Disease, Disordered eating, eating disorders, mindful/intuitive eating, PCOS, general health and wellness and weight gain/restoration
Amanda is an RD specializing in general health and wellness, eating disorders and disordered eating. She is dedicated to helping individuals heal their relationship with food and their bodies. Amanda believes in creating a compassionate and supportive environment, incorporating evidence-based nutrition practices to guide clients toward sustainable changes. She strives to empower her clients to break free from diet culture and develop a nourishing and balanced approach to eating. Amanda offers compassionate, patient-centered nutrition care, focusing on non-diet, weight-inclusive principles.
(862) 225-6191 View (862) 225-6191
Photo of Elise Chassen Sopov, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDN, CLT
Elise Chassen Sopov
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDN, CLT
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
I create individualized, realistic, and sustainable diet and exercise plans to reach your health and fitness goals. Along the way, I will support you in a way to make you feel empowered to make the changes needed, and help you develop the behavior modification techniques to overcome your personal barriers.
I create individualized, realistic, and sustainable diet and exercise plans to reach your health and fitness goals. Along the way, I will support you in a way to make you feel empowered to make the changes needed, and help you develop the behavior modification techniques to overcome your personal barriers.
(201) 632-5916 View (201) 632-5916
Photo of Azi Ahmadi - Azi Ahmadi MS, RDN, CDCES, CDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CDCES, CDN
Azi Ahmadi MS, RDN, CDCES, CDN
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CDCES, CDN
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I’m Azi Ahmadi, MS, RDN, CDCES, a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist with over 25 years of experience in diabetes care, body recomposition, sports nutrition, and longevity-focused metabolic health. I work with active men and women of all ages who want to lose fat, gain or preserve muscle, improve performance, and feel strong and energized as they age—without extreme diets. I often use Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) to help clients see how their body responds to food, exercise, stress, and sleep in real time. You don’t need diabetes to benefit—CGM is a powerful learning and personalization tool.
I’m Azi Ahmadi, MS, RDN, CDCES, a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist with over 25 years of experience in diabetes care, body recomposition, sports nutrition, and longevity-focused metabolic health. I work with active men and women of all ages who want to lose fat, gain or preserve muscle, improve performance, and feel strong and energized as they age—without extreme diets. I often use Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) to help clients see how their body responds to food, exercise, stress, and sleep in real time. You don’t need diabetes to benefit—CGM is a powerful learning and personalization tool.
(917) 809-5351 View (917) 809-5351
Photo of Madeline Kuras, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Madeline Kuras
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
1 Endorsed
Jersey City, NJ 07305
Madeline is a registered dietitian who is passionate about empowering individuals to achieve their personal goals and feel in control of their own nutrition journey. She has experience in all levels of eating disorder treatment across all age groups. Madeline has a background in athletics and utilizes this to foster resilience and strength in her clients. She approaches each session with curiosity and drive to understand her clients struggles. She provides a safe space for all individuals to create and define their own definition of health and sustainable change.
Madeline is a registered dietitian who is passionate about empowering individuals to achieve their personal goals and feel in control of their own nutrition journey. She has experience in all levels of eating disorder treatment across all age groups. Madeline has a background in athletics and utilizes this to foster resilience and strength in her clients. She approaches each session with curiosity and drive to understand her clients struggles. She provides a safe space for all individuals to create and define their own definition of health and sustainable change.
(651) 412-7437 View (651) 412-7437
Photo of Elise Vega, Nutritionist/Dietitian, PSM, RDN, LDN
Elise Vega
Nutritionist/Dietitian, PSM, RDN, LDN
3 Endorsed
Newark, NJ 07103
Specialities include: Weight Management, Sports Nutrition, PCOS, General Lifestyle and Nutrition, Mindful Eating, Intuitive Eating, High Cholesterol, Heart Health, High Blood Pressure, Weight Gain, Anti-Inflammatory, Pre-Diabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes.
Elise is a dietitian who focuses on using realistic approaches to help you improve your health through nutrition, exercise, and other lifestyle practices. Her approach to nutrition is holistic and client centered. She takes the time to fully understand your unique lifestyle, preferences, and challenges to create a realistic nutrition plan together as a team. Elise believes in the power of using high quality nutrient dense foods to support all aspects of your health and wellbeing.
Specialities include: Weight Management, Sports Nutrition, PCOS, General Lifestyle and Nutrition, Mindful Eating, Intuitive Eating, High Cholesterol, Heart Health, High Blood Pressure, Weight Gain, Anti-Inflammatory, Pre-Diabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes.
Elise is a dietitian who focuses on using realistic approaches to help you improve your health through nutrition, exercise, and other lifestyle practices. Her approach to nutrition is holistic and client centered. She takes the time to fully understand your unique lifestyle, preferences, and challenges to create a realistic nutrition plan together as a team. Elise believes in the power of using high quality nutrient dense foods to support all aspects of your health and wellbeing.
(312) 374-5399 View (312) 374-5399
Photo of Lynn Cicero, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Lynn Cicero
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Morristown, NJ 07960
My counseling is one on one and is tailored to the clients lifestyle and needs. While always encouraging healthy eating and physical activity, I am very practical in my approach to helping clients integrate these behaviors with today's hectic lifestyles. Because of the increasing diagnosis of Celiac Disease, I have begun to concentrate on that condition as well as all types of gluten sensitivity. In order to help clients during COVID19 I am offering telemedicine. Please inquire for details.
My counseling is one on one and is tailored to the clients lifestyle and needs. While always encouraging healthy eating and physical activity, I am very practical in my approach to helping clients integrate these behaviors with today's hectic lifestyles. Because of the increasing diagnosis of Celiac Disease, I have begun to concentrate on that condition as well as all types of gluten sensitivity. In order to help clients during COVID19 I am offering telemedicine. Please inquire for details.
(862) 260-8858 View (862) 260-8858
Photo of Lauren Minchen, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPH, RDN, CDN
Lauren Minchen
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPH, RDN, CDN
Serves Area
Lauren is committed to offering you nutritional guidance and meal support on your journey to optimal wellness. She will work with you to develop a personalized nutrition and menu plan that addresses your needs and works with your lifestyle. Lauren's nutrition counseling sessions include analysis of current meal patterns, lifestyle factors, medical diagnoses, medication regimen, food allergies and preferences, and your personal wellness goals. And her culinary services make achieving your health goals even easier. If you want to begin taking the right steps to achieve optimal health, contact Lauren to discuss what works for you.
Lauren is committed to offering you nutritional guidance and meal support on your journey to optimal wellness. She will work with you to develop a personalized nutrition and menu plan that addresses your needs and works with your lifestyle. Lauren's nutrition counseling sessions include analysis of current meal patterns, lifestyle factors, medical diagnoses, medication regimen, food allergies and preferences, and your personal wellness goals. And her culinary services make achieving your health goals even easier. If you want to begin taking the right steps to achieve optimal health, contact Lauren to discuss what works for you.
(646) 863-5398 View (646) 863-5398
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Nutritionists and Dietitians
What is Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition characterized by hormonal imbalance, leading to symptoms such as irregular or absent periods, weight gain, excess hair growth, infertility, and acne. The exact causes of PCOS are not well understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, including stress and nutrition.

How is PCOS treated?
PCOS is typically treated with a combination of medication and lifestyle changes. Many individuals with PCOS are prescribed birth control medication to help regulate the abnormal hormone levels associated with the condition. With regard to lifestyle modifications, healthcare professionals often recommend maintaining a balanced, healthy diet and engaging in regular physical activity. This is particularly important for women diagnosed with obesity or diabetes, as weight loss and improved insulin regulation can significantly alleviate PCOS symptoms.

What diet is best for people with PCOS?
In general, experts recommend a plant-based diet high in fiber, healthy fats, and lean protein as the best nutritional approach to managing PCOS. Because women diagnosed with PCOS are at a higher risk of specific conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and heart problems, a diet that helps prevent such conditions can be highly effective. The "Mediterranean diet," characterized by the consumption of lots of healthy fats, vegetables, beans, and whole grains is one common diet with evidence supporting its efficacy in preventing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In addition, other lifestyle modifications that support weight management and healthy insulin levels—such as exercise, smoking cessation, and alcohol consumption reduction—are often also incorporated into PCOS treatment.

What foods should people with PCOS avoid?
Due to the high blood sugar levels and insulin resistance characteristic of PCOS, experts typically advise individuals with PCOS to avoid foods that cause large blood sugar spikes, such as sugary snacks and refined carbs like white bread. Instead, they recommend consuming foods rich in healthy fats, whole grains, and fiber, which can help stabilize blood sugar levels. Individuals with PCOS may also find that certain foods trigger their symptoms. Therefore, identifying and avoiding these specific foods can be important for reducing symptom severity on an individual level.