Pregnancy Nutritionists and Dietitians in 02072

There are no results for health professionals in 02072

Check out health professionals located nearby or offering Teletherapy in Massachusetts below.

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Photo of Danielle S Lavallee, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN, CLC
Danielle S Lavallee
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN, CLC
Woburn, MA 01801
What brought you here today? Did you or a family member receive a new diagnosis? The words hypertension, diabetes, failure to thrive, “overweight,” can be alarming. Maybe the last diet failed you and you’re looking for some permanent peace with food? Perhaps you are bombarded with information about eating and have no idea what to believe or how to make sense of it all. Every food decision is a stressor and, well, is that what they mean by “wellness”? We don’t think so. Our team of experienced dietitians work to provide peace around food. Making eating easy, because life is complicated enough.
What brought you here today? Did you or a family member receive a new diagnosis? The words hypertension, diabetes, failure to thrive, “overweight,” can be alarming. Maybe the last diet failed you and you’re looking for some permanent peace with food? Perhaps you are bombarded with information about eating and have no idea what to believe or how to make sense of it all. Every food decision is a stressor and, well, is that what they mean by “wellness”? We don’t think so. Our team of experienced dietitians work to provide peace around food. Making eating easy, because life is complicated enough.
(617) 315-2892 View (617) 315-2892
Photo of Juliana Shalek, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD , CDN
Juliana Shalek
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD , CDN
West Bridgewater, MA 02379
Juliana Shalek is a Registered Dietitian/Nutritionist licensed in both Massachusetts and New York. Juliana graduated Cum Laude from Union College in Schenectady, NY where she studied English and Psychology. She went on to complete her Dietetic Internship at Mount Sinai Hospital and received a master’s degree in Clinical Nutrition from New York University. Prior to starting her private practice in 2018, Juliana gained extensive counseling experience working in an outpatient medical setting with a group of practitioners. Juliana specializes in a variety of nutrition-related areas including weight loss, diabetes, bariatric
Juliana Shalek is a Registered Dietitian/Nutritionist licensed in both Massachusetts and New York. Juliana graduated Cum Laude from Union College in Schenectady, NY where she studied English and Psychology. She went on to complete her Dietetic Internship at Mount Sinai Hospital and received a master’s degree in Clinical Nutrition from New York University. Prior to starting her private practice in 2018, Juliana gained extensive counseling experience working in an outpatient medical setting with a group of practitioners. Juliana specializes in a variety of nutrition-related areas including weight loss, diabetes, bariatric
(508) 456-6330 View (508) 456-6330
Photo of Sally M Cohen, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Sally M Cohen
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Brookline, MA 02446
I’m a Registered Dietitian who does not believe in diets. I do believe that it’s equally important for nutrition advice to be both evidenced-based and personalized. I think we should enjoy food and celebrate its role in our traditions and cultures. And I know that food has incredible power to help us live healthier lives, prevent or manage chronic disease, and achieve big health and wellness goals.
I’m a Registered Dietitian who does not believe in diets. I do believe that it’s equally important for nutrition advice to be both evidenced-based and personalized. I think we should enjoy food and celebrate its role in our traditions and cultures. And I know that food has incredible power to help us live healthier lives, prevent or manage chronic disease, and achieve big health and wellness goals.
(617) 553-4339 View (617) 553-4339
Photo of Courtney Kincannon, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
Courtney Kincannon
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Specialties include general nutrition/wellness, weight management (including bariatrics and GLP-1 medications), heart health, women’s health, pregnancy and postpartum, fatty liver disease, pediatric nutrition (birth to 5 years), healthy aging, and prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (non–insulin dependent).
Courtney is a Registered Dietitian at Health Loft. She understands that building fulfilling, long-lasting, healthful habits takes time and patience. She takes a whole-person approach, recognizing that nutrition and health are not one-size-fits-all. Courtney meets patients where they are and helps create a plan that makes the most sense for their lives.
Specialties include general nutrition/wellness, weight management (including bariatrics and GLP-1 medications), heart health, women’s health, pregnancy and postpartum, fatty liver disease, pediatric nutrition (birth to 5 years), healthy aging, and prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (non–insulin dependent).
Courtney is a Registered Dietitian at Health Loft. She understands that building fulfilling, long-lasting, healthful habits takes time and patience. She takes a whole-person approach, recognizing that nutrition and health are not one-size-fits-all. Courtney meets patients where they are and helps create a plan that makes the most sense for their lives.
(312) 940-3195 View (312) 940-3195
Photo of Ana Cristina Lewis - Functional Nutrition by Ana, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN, IFMNT
Functional Nutrition by Ana
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN, IFMNT
Online Only
Functional Nutrition by Ana is a virtual functional nutrition practice working with clients one-on-one. I work in a partnership with you using a root-cause approach. I provide personalized nutrition intervention strategies and support for long-term healing. I specialize in balancing hormones, fertility, digestive healing, and skin health.
Functional Nutrition by Ana is a virtual functional nutrition practice working with clients one-on-one. I work in a partnership with you using a root-cause approach. I provide personalized nutrition intervention strategies and support for long-term healing. I specialize in balancing hormones, fertility, digestive healing, and skin health.
View
Photo of Jill M Nelligan, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Jill M Nelligan
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Online Only
At South Shore Family Nutrition, we strive to create a safe and positive space to provide nutrition counseling for individuals and families. Jill Nelligan, owner and registered dietitian, practices from an Intuitive Eating and Health at Every Size lens. She works with clients to improve their relationship with food and their body, taking an individualized approach to every session. Whether you’re a parent looking for information to help your child make healthier choices, or an individual looking to make changes in your own life, we’re here to help.
At South Shore Family Nutrition, we strive to create a safe and positive space to provide nutrition counseling for individuals and families. Jill Nelligan, owner and registered dietitian, practices from an Intuitive Eating and Health at Every Size lens. She works with clients to improve their relationship with food and their body, taking an individualized approach to every session. Whether you’re a parent looking for information to help your child make healthier choices, or an individual looking to make changes in your own life, we’re here to help.
(857) 256-5248 View (857) 256-5248
Photo of Voula Manousos, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Voula Manousos
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Online Only
I also specialize in prenatal/postpartum nutrition with a specialty in Gestational Diabetes.
When we work together we'll take a systematic approach to “why” you are struggling and aspects of your life that are negatively affecting your weight and your health. Nutrition, mindfulness around eating, sleep hygiene, stress and movement will be addressed so we create a personalized plan to get you to your goals for the long term and not for a season.
I also specialize in prenatal/postpartum nutrition with a specialty in Gestational Diabetes.
When we work together we'll take a systematic approach to “why” you are struggling and aspects of your life that are negatively affecting your weight and your health. Nutrition, mindfulness around eating, sleep hygiene, stress and movement will be addressed so we create a personalized plan to get you to your goals for the long term and not for a season.
(339) 213-8621 View (339) 213-8621
Photo of Rachael Lenthall, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Rachael Lenthall
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Online Only
As a registered dietitian specializing in fertility nutrition, I am passionate about helping women navigate their fertility struggles and achieve their dream of starting a family. With a focus on conditions like PCOS and other reproductive challenges, I provide personalized nutrition plans designed to support hormonal balance, improve ovulation, and optimize overall health. By addressing the root causes of fertility issues through science-backed nutrition strategies, I empower women to take control of their fertility journey with confidence.
As a registered dietitian specializing in fertility nutrition, I am passionate about helping women navigate their fertility struggles and achieve their dream of starting a family. With a focus on conditions like PCOS and other reproductive challenges, I provide personalized nutrition plans designed to support hormonal balance, improve ovulation, and optimize overall health. By addressing the root causes of fertility issues through science-backed nutrition strategies, I empower women to take control of their fertility journey with confidence.
View
Photo of Rachel Andrade - Whole Lifecycle Nutrition, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Whole Lifecycle Nutrition
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Online Only
From optimizing fertility preconception, to supporting a healthy pregnancy, through birth, breastfeeding, and getting comfortable with a new Mom bod, we are here to support you every step of the way.
My nutrition obsessions are reproductive health, human metabolism (your hormones and how your body works), the gut microbiome, nutrigenomics (how what you eat influences your genes and how your genes influence your metabolism), integrative and functional nutrition, body positivity, and helping people who suffer from disordered eating.
From optimizing fertility preconception, to supporting a healthy pregnancy, through birth, breastfeeding, and getting comfortable with a new Mom bod, we are here to support you every step of the way.
My nutrition obsessions are reproductive health, human metabolism (your hormones and how your body works), the gut microbiome, nutrigenomics (how what you eat influences your genes and how your genes influence your metabolism), integrative and functional nutrition, body positivity, and helping people who suffer from disordered eating.
(339) 217-4379 View (339) 217-4379
Photo of Jenny Antony, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
Jenny Antony
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
She has worked with conditions including weight loss, pregnancy, postpartum, poor weight gain, feeding difficulties, gastrointestinal disease, congenital heart disease, transplant, and inborn errors of metabolism.
Specialties Include: Pediatrics, Weight Gain, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Disordered Eating, Pre/Postnatal Nutrition, Mindful and Intuitive Eating, Cancer, Diabetes, Transplant, Weight Loss, Weight Management, and General Nutrition
She has worked with conditions including weight loss, pregnancy, postpartum, poor weight gain, feeding difficulties, gastrointestinal disease, congenital heart disease, transplant, and inborn errors of metabolism.
Specialties Include: Pediatrics, Weight Gain, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Disordered Eating, Pre/Postnatal Nutrition, Mindful and Intuitive Eating, Cancer, Diabetes, Transplant, Weight Loss, Weight Management, and General Nutrition
(904) 595-9730 View (904) 595-9730
Photo of Christine Huntley, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Christine Huntley
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Serves Area
I am passionate about nutrition and believe that food should be enjoyed! I am excited about the opportunity to help you achieve your personal health goals using a holistic approach that not only looks at nutrition, but strengthens all the pillars of health, including sleep, movement, and stress. As a busy mom of young children, I understand the challenges of staying on a healthy path. Personal experience with a hectic lifestyle, stress, and insomnia opened my eyes to the importance of uncovering root causes in order to begin the process of re-balancing life.
I am passionate about nutrition and believe that food should be enjoyed! I am excited about the opportunity to help you achieve your personal health goals using a holistic approach that not only looks at nutrition, but strengthens all the pillars of health, including sleep, movement, and stress. As a busy mom of young children, I understand the challenges of staying on a healthy path. Personal experience with a hectic lifestyle, stress, and insomnia opened my eyes to the importance of uncovering root causes in order to begin the process of re-balancing life.
(351) 277-3403 View (351) 277-3403
Photo of Michelle Marie Caslin - Fuel2Live Nutrition, LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CSSD, LD
Fuel2Live Nutrition, LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CSSD, LD
Boston, MA 02116
Fuel2Live Nutrition, LLC’s mission is to educate athletes on how to properly fuel their bodies for enhanced sports performance, increased strength and lean muscle mass, and everyday life. With a primary focus on CrossFit and strength training, Fuel2Live helps take the guesswork out of healthy eating to fuel your life and your fitness goals. You will learn how to eat all your favorite foods, boost metabolism, ditch dieting for good, and find the optimal way to fuel YOUR body and YOUR life, no matter what season you are in. Nutrition specialties include Sports Nutrition and Performance, Weight Management, Women's Health and Wellness.
Fuel2Live Nutrition, LLC’s mission is to educate athletes on how to properly fuel their bodies for enhanced sports performance, increased strength and lean muscle mass, and everyday life. With a primary focus on CrossFit and strength training, Fuel2Live helps take the guesswork out of healthy eating to fuel your life and your fitness goals. You will learn how to eat all your favorite foods, boost metabolism, ditch dieting for good, and find the optimal way to fuel YOUR body and YOUR life, no matter what season you are in. Nutrition specialties include Sports Nutrition and Performance, Weight Management, Women's Health and Wellness.
(617) 841-2899 View (617) 841-2899
Photo of Coreyann K Poly - Dr. Coreyann Poly_ Nutritionist @, Nutritionist/Dietitian, PhD, MEd, RDN, LDN, CDE
Dr. Coreyann Poly_ Nutritionist @
Nutritionist/Dietitian, PhD, MEd, RDN, LDN, CDE
Uxbridge, MA 01569
Poly also has background in prenatal care and nutrition during and post pregnancy.
Dr. Coreyann Poly is a highly skilled Registered Dietitian, Diabetes Educator and Speaker promoting good nutrition/wellness to the adult/older adult populations. She provided one-on-one nutrition counseling to a variety of patients (ages 18+) to improve their health and nutritional status using individualized diet and lifestyle plans. She works with patients on achieving goals such as normalizing weight, increasing strength and endurance, and reducing or preventing medication use through improved cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Dr. Poly specializes in chronic disease prevention and management such as diabetes, heart disease, hypertension,high cholesterol/lipids, IBS and Celiac disease.
Poly also has background in prenatal care and nutrition during and post pregnancy.
Dr. Coreyann Poly is a highly skilled Registered Dietitian, Diabetes Educator and Speaker promoting good nutrition/wellness to the adult/older adult populations. She provided one-on-one nutrition counseling to a variety of patients (ages 18+) to improve their health and nutritional status using individualized diet and lifestyle plans. She works with patients on achieving goals such as normalizing weight, increasing strength and endurance, and reducing or preventing medication use through improved cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Dr. Poly specializes in chronic disease prevention and management such as diabetes, heart disease, hypertension,high cholesterol/lipids, IBS and Celiac disease.
(508) 213-9166 View (508) 213-9166
Photo of Caitlin M Crews, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CLT, LDN
Caitlin M Crews
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CLT, LDN
1 Endorsed
Roslindale, MA 02131
Nutrition is more than the essential nutrients required for life, it is a way of living in balance of the body and soul. Together we navigate your specific journey to optimal health. I use functional nutrition medicine counseling and diagnostic testing if needed to get to the root cause of underlying health issues. My goal for you is to learn to incorporate foods that speak to your body and your lifestyle allowing you to live your best life.
Nutrition is more than the essential nutrients required for life, it is a way of living in balance of the body and soul. Together we navigate your specific journey to optimal health. I use functional nutrition medicine counseling and diagnostic testing if needed to get to the root cause of underlying health issues. My goal for you is to learn to incorporate foods that speak to your body and your lifestyle allowing you to live your best life.
(508) 403-2273 View (508) 403-2273
Photo of Karen Kiver Patalano, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, CDE, MBA
Karen Kiver Patalano
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, CDE, MBA
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Areas of specialty include weight management, avoiding or lowering medications for diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol as well as food sensitivities and sports nutrition. I focus on individual's specific nutritional needs from healthy cooking ideas to supporting extreme fitness endeavors. You will receive recommendations for diet and lifestyle changes to meet your personalized needs and goals. Clients keep a detailed food intake and exercise record using a free online log. By supporting gradual changes over time, the priority is to instill a greater balance in clients thereby creating a more permanent transformation to achieve weight, medical and lifestyle goals.
Areas of specialty include weight management, avoiding or lowering medications for diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol as well as food sensitivities and sports nutrition. I focus on individual's specific nutritional needs from healthy cooking ideas to supporting extreme fitness endeavors. You will receive recommendations for diet and lifestyle changes to meet your personalized needs and goals. Clients keep a detailed food intake and exercise record using a free online log. By supporting gradual changes over time, the priority is to instill a greater balance in clients thereby creating a more permanent transformation to achieve weight, medical and lifestyle goals.
(508) 859-4113 View (508) 859-4113
Photo of George Mandler, Nutritionist/Dietitian, CLT, CNS, LDN, LicAc, FABORM
George Mandler
Nutritionist/Dietitian, CLT, CNS, LDN, LicAc, FABORM
Stow, MA 01775
I am a Massachusetts Chinese Medicine doc and Licensed Dietitian. I studied Functional Medicine before it became a buzzword 15+ years ago, although no longer use expen$ive testing but focus on Chinese Medicine diagnosis and treatment. I have a special interest in the areas of digestive issues such as bloating, gas, diarrhea, IBD, IBS, and reflux but see SIBO as a symptom rather than a cause. I do not give out SIBO diets, but work on fixing the underlying issue. If you have GYN issues such as heavy bleeding, menopausal symptoms, or pain during periods I can almost certainly help you with Chinese Medicine.
I am a Massachusetts Chinese Medicine doc and Licensed Dietitian. I studied Functional Medicine before it became a buzzword 15+ years ago, although no longer use expen$ive testing but focus on Chinese Medicine diagnosis and treatment. I have a special interest in the areas of digestive issues such as bloating, gas, diarrhea, IBD, IBS, and reflux but see SIBO as a symptom rather than a cause. I do not give out SIBO diets, but work on fixing the underlying issue. If you have GYN issues such as heavy bleeding, menopausal symptoms, or pain during periods I can almost certainly help you with Chinese Medicine.
(978) 248-0318 View (978) 248-0318
Photo of Cristine Seitz, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS , RD, LDN
Cristine Seitz
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS , RD, LDN
Brookline, MA 02445
Cristine Seitz is a Registered Dietitian committed to providing supportive and individualized nutrition counseling focused on what feels best for your body and life. There are no food rules, but instead an attention to hunger and fullness and how your body feels.
Cristine Seitz is a Registered Dietitian committed to providing supportive and individualized nutrition counseling focused on what feels best for your body and life. There are no food rules, but instead an attention to hunger and fullness and how your body feels.
(508) 500-1229 View (508) 500-1229
Photo of Cynthia Milner Woodman - Risk Management Incorporated - Health Services, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Risk Management Incorporated - Health Services
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Serves Area
Cindy: More than as a Medical Nutrition Therapist. Certified in Adult/Pediatric Weight Management; Sports, Cardiovascular & Wellness Nutrition; Member, Diabetes Care & Education Group, Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics. NIH, Commissioned Officer, PHS; Chief Clinical Dietitian, George Washington University Hospital; teaches student/adult groups about nutrition; presenter to the Food & Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences on use of RDAs in Kidney Disease. Private practice, specializing in eating disorders, weight issues, diabetes, gastrointestinal and lipid disorders, sports diets, cardiovascular and wellness.
Cindy: More than as a Medical Nutrition Therapist. Certified in Adult/Pediatric Weight Management; Sports, Cardiovascular & Wellness Nutrition; Member, Diabetes Care & Education Group, Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics. NIH, Commissioned Officer, PHS; Chief Clinical Dietitian, George Washington University Hospital; teaches student/adult groups about nutrition; presenter to the Food & Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences on use of RDAs in Kidney Disease. Private practice, specializing in eating disorders, weight issues, diabetes, gastrointestinal and lipid disorders, sports diets, cardiovascular and wellness.
(978) 616-4084 View (978) 616-4084
Photo of Katlynn Kisla, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Katlynn Kisla
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Serves Area
I am particularly passionate about perinatal nutrition- encompassing each stage from preconception through lactation- to optimize nutrition for fertility, pregnancy, and overall wellness for mothers and their families.
Change takes time; I help people stick to their goals using mindful and intuitive eating, awareness of body hunger cues, practical lifestyle changes, aligning with cultural preferences, and finding joy in movement.
I am particularly passionate about perinatal nutrition- encompassing each stage from preconception through lactation- to optimize nutrition for fertility, pregnancy, and overall wellness for mothers and their families.
Change takes time; I help people stick to their goals using mindful and intuitive eating, awareness of body hunger cues, practical lifestyle changes, aligning with cultural preferences, and finding joy in movement.
(508) 214-4529 View (508) 214-4529
Photo of Skylar Griggs - Newbury Street Nutrition, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Newbury Street Nutrition
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Boston, MA 02115
I believe in an individualized, evidenced-based approach to nutrition. My passion lies in helping my adults, children and families reach their goals in a way that fits their lifestyle and eating preferences. I will spend time listening to what your personal goals are to improve you or your loved ones health, and we will work together to achieve those goals. We all want to look and feel our very best, and I am here to help you get there!
I believe in an individualized, evidenced-based approach to nutrition. My passion lies in helping my adults, children and families reach their goals in a way that fits their lifestyle and eating preferences. I will spend time listening to what your personal goals are to improve you or your loved ones health, and we will work together to achieve those goals. We all want to look and feel our very best, and I am here to help you get there!
(351) 207-2016 View (351) 207-2016
Pregnancy Nutritionists and Dietitians
What should I eat during pregnancy?
A healthy and balanced diet during pregnancy is crucial for both maternal and child health, and it supports recovery and breastfeeding in the postpartum period. It is important to consume a variety of nutrient-rich foods, including whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats. These foods provide essential nutrients needed for a healthy pregnancy, such as folic acid found in beans, eggs, and spinach, which supports the development of the baby's brain and spinal cord. Additionally, breastfeeding women typically burn an extra 300 calories per day on average, so it is important to ensure an adequate calorie intake to meet this increased demand.

What foods should I avoid during pregnancy?
Nutrition experts generally advise women to avoid alcohol, caffeine, and high-sugar foods during pregnancy. It is also recommended that postpartum mothers avoid foods that contain high levels of harmful chemicals, which may negatively impact a newborn's development if passed on to them; specifically, the FDA thus recommends that women limit consumption of high-mercury fish, such as tuna, mackerel, swordfish, and shark. In addition, pregnant women should not consume raw or potentially undercooked meats and seafood, which may contain bacteria that can harm the fetus and put the mother at greater risk of developing a foodborne illness.

Can nutrition help with pregnancy symptoms?
Nutrition plays a key role in pregnancy, and can significantly impact common symptoms of pregnancy—such as nausea, vomiting, and appetite changes. Experts usually recommend that women focus on consuming a balanced diet as much as possible when pregnant. However, some women with extreme morning sickness or similar symptoms may need to focus on consuming more bland foods, such as plain toast, applesauce, rice, or oatmeal, in order to manage symptoms. In addition, eating small but frequent meals can help reduce symptoms for many women, as can drinking an adequate amount of water. In some cases, if women are unable to meet their nutrient needs, such as their folic acid intake, through their diet due to pregnancy symptoms, they may choose to take supplements to ensure that they are still meeting their nutrient needs.

Should pregnant mothers see a dietitian?
Many pregnant women may find it beneficial to consult with a dietitian. While OB/GYNs can address general dietary questions during pregnancy, dietitians specializing in pregnancy nutrition can offer valuable support for those with specific nutrition-related concerns. OB/GYNs often maintain lists of recommended dietitians who specialize in pregnancy, providing a useful resource for pregnant women if needed. Dietitians can be particularly helpful for women experiencing issues like severe food intolerances or nausea. They can assess whether these symptoms are within normal ranges or require further medical attention. Additionally, dietitians can help pregnant women identify foods that alleviate pregnancy-related symptoms such as nausea, and ensure they consume a diverse range of foods to maintain a balanced diet throughout pregnancy.