Naturopaths in Pacific Palisades, CA

Photo of Mahboubeh Hashemi, ND, BCB, Naturopath
Mahboubeh Hashemi
Naturopath, ND, BCB
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I'm a Licensed Naturopathic Doctor and Board Certified in Biofeedback. Deeply listening to you and understanding your story is extremely important to me. Because that is the only way we can get to the root cause of your issues and make lasting change. Wether you're struggling with gut and metabolic issues, hormonal imbalances, lack of energy, skin problem, anxiety and/or depression we will not only address your health concerns, but we will do it in a way that involves you connecting with your body and feeling safe in it. Truly teaming up with your body is the overarching theme!
I'm a Licensed Naturopathic Doctor and Board Certified in Biofeedback. Deeply listening to you and understanding your story is extremely important to me. Because that is the only way we can get to the root cause of your issues and make lasting change. Wether you're struggling with gut and metabolic issues, hormonal imbalances, lack of energy, skin problem, anxiety and/or depression we will not only address your health concerns, but we will do it in a way that involves you connecting with your body and feeling safe in it. Truly teaming up with your body is the overarching theme!
(424) 373-6856 View (424) 373-6856
Photo of Matthew Cavaiola, ND, Naturopath
Matthew Cavaiola
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Hello - My name is Dr. Matthew Cavaiola. I am a naturopathic doctor who specializes in integrative oncology (cancer), hormonal imbalances (adrenal fatigue, thyroid, menopause, low testosterone) in both men and women and I use natural treatments for autoimmune disease, diabetes, heart disease, and low back, knee pain, shoulder pain, elbow pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Some of the treatments I offer in my practice including: functional medicine, IV nutritional therapy, high dose IV vitamin C, bioidentical hormone replacement, prolotherapy, platelet-rich plasma therapy (PRP), nutrition and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Hello - My name is Dr. Matthew Cavaiola. I am a naturopathic doctor who specializes in integrative oncology (cancer), hormonal imbalances (adrenal fatigue, thyroid, menopause, low testosterone) in both men and women and I use natural treatments for autoimmune disease, diabetes, heart disease, and low back, knee pain, shoulder pain, elbow pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Some of the treatments I offer in my practice including: functional medicine, IV nutritional therapy, high dose IV vitamin C, bioidentical hormone replacement, prolotherapy, platelet-rich plasma therapy (PRP), nutrition and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
(424) 338-0601 View (424) 338-0601

More Naturopaths Nearby

Photo of Jennifer Abercrombie, ND, Naturopath
Jennifer Abercrombie
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
El Segundo, CA 90245
Are you struggling with: Brain fog & fatigue - Thyroiditis - Achiness - Insomnia - Anxiety - PMS - Hot flashes - Irregular menstrual cycles - PCOS - Mood swings - Depression - feeling Tired and wired - trouble Conceiving - difficult Postpartum - Lyme Disease - Mold Toxicity - EBV? Or do you just want to be as healthy as possible? Dr Jenny Abercrombie is committed to cultivating health from within, providing comprehensive care that restores & rebalances your body, creating long term solutions that fit your lifestyle, blending modern advances with traditional therapies, & providing high quality personalized health care.
Are you struggling with: Brain fog & fatigue - Thyroiditis - Achiness - Insomnia - Anxiety - PMS - Hot flashes - Irregular menstrual cycles - PCOS - Mood swings - Depression - feeling Tired and wired - trouble Conceiving - difficult Postpartum - Lyme Disease - Mold Toxicity - EBV? Or do you just want to be as healthy as possible? Dr Jenny Abercrombie is committed to cultivating health from within, providing comprehensive care that restores & rebalances your body, creating long term solutions that fit your lifestyle, blending modern advances with traditional therapies, & providing high quality personalized health care.
(719) 245-8024 View (719) 245-8024
Photo of Joy Bozzo, ND, Naturopath
Joy Bozzo
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90405
​Dr. Joy Bozzo is a licensed naturopathic doctor in the state of California, an alumnus to National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM) in Portland, Oregon, and a member of the Gastroenterology Association of Naturopathic Physicians (GastroANP) and Pediatric Association of Naturopathic Physicians (PedANP). She offers natural, holistic, and integrative medical care focused on children with autism, ADHD, developmental delays, PANS/PANDAS, and behavioral concerns.
​Dr. Joy Bozzo is a licensed naturopathic doctor in the state of California, an alumnus to National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM) in Portland, Oregon, and a member of the Gastroenterology Association of Naturopathic Physicians (GastroANP) and Pediatric Association of Naturopathic Physicians (PedANP). She offers natural, holistic, and integrative medical care focused on children with autism, ADHD, developmental delays, PANS/PANDAS, and behavioral concerns.
(619) 870-1275 View (619) 870-1275
Photo of Ryan Namdarkhan, ND, Naturopath
Ryan Namdarkhan
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
West Hollywood, CA 90069
My ideal client is someone who is motivated to take charge of their health and is seeking a more natural approach to healing. They may be struggling with chronic health issues, digestive problems, hormonal imbalances, or stress and anxiety. They want to feel empowered and informed about their health, and they value a holistic approach that considers the mind, body, and spirit. Their goal is to achieve optimal health and prevent future health issues. By working together, we can create a personalized treatment plan that supports their unique needs and helps them achieve their health goals using naturopathic and functional medicine.
My ideal client is someone who is motivated to take charge of their health and is seeking a more natural approach to healing. They may be struggling with chronic health issues, digestive problems, hormonal imbalances, or stress and anxiety. They want to feel empowered and informed about their health, and they value a holistic approach that considers the mind, body, and spirit. Their goal is to achieve optimal health and prevent future health issues. By working together, we can create a personalized treatment plan that supports their unique needs and helps them achieve their health goals using naturopathic and functional medicine.
(323) 922-5804 View (323) 922-5804
Photo of Joy A Bozzo - Dr. Joy A. Bozzo, ND, ND, Naturopath
Dr. Joy A. Bozzo, ND
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90405
I am a licensed naturopathic doctor in the state of California and an alumnus to National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM) in Portland, Oregon. I am passionate about facilitating healing in each of my patients because I know first hand how powerful and effective naturopathic medicine can be, as it was the catalyst in my own healing journey. It is so refreshing when you can understand the underlying cause of your symptoms and finally feel heard by your doctor. I take time to listen to each of my patients and always strive to uncover the deepest cause of disease.
I am a licensed naturopathic doctor in the state of California and an alumnus to National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM) in Portland, Oregon. I am passionate about facilitating healing in each of my patients because I know first hand how powerful and effective naturopathic medicine can be, as it was the catalyst in my own healing journey. It is so refreshing when you can understand the underlying cause of your symptoms and finally feel heard by your doctor. I take time to listen to each of my patients and always strive to uncover the deepest cause of disease.
(424) 285-1724 View (424) 285-1724
Photo of Alesha Maury, ND, Naturopath
Alesha Maury
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Online Only
Tired of the struggle? I have a 100% virtual practice where I help women struggling with fatigue, brain fog, poor mood & sleep, hormone issues, & stubborn weight to recover, so that they can enjoy relationships, succeed in work, & pursue their passions. Let’s discover & address your root causes of illness. I guide you step by step through aligning your body & life with the fundamentals of wellness, so that you can heal & recover. There is a lot of information out there, but I not only have the knowledge and skills to help but the compassion and understanding to do so as well. Email will be your most effective method to reach me.
Tired of the struggle? I have a 100% virtual practice where I help women struggling with fatigue, brain fog, poor mood & sleep, hormone issues, & stubborn weight to recover, so that they can enjoy relationships, succeed in work, & pursue their passions. Let’s discover & address your root causes of illness. I guide you step by step through aligning your body & life with the fundamentals of wellness, so that you can heal & recover. There is a lot of information out there, but I not only have the knowledge and skills to help but the compassion and understanding to do so as well. Email will be your most effective method to reach me.
(802) 523-3324 View (802) 523-3324
Photo of Danielle E Gran, ND, Naturopath
Danielle E Gran
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
El Segundo, CA 90245
Danielle E. Gran, ND is an integrative doctor specializing in hormone restoration therapy and naturopathic gynecology. She successfully treats a variety of women's health complaints including PMS, the menopausal transition, PCOS, infertility, abnormal Paps, vaginitis, adrenal dysfunction, thyroid disorders, and low libido. Her personalized approach blends ancient and traditional healing methods with cutting-edge, innovative therapies for optimal wellness and vitality. Feel rejuvenated by restoring your hormones naturally, and effectively!
Danielle E. Gran, ND is an integrative doctor specializing in hormone restoration therapy and naturopathic gynecology. She successfully treats a variety of women's health complaints including PMS, the menopausal transition, PCOS, infertility, abnormal Paps, vaginitis, adrenal dysfunction, thyroid disorders, and low libido. Her personalized approach blends ancient and traditional healing methods with cutting-edge, innovative therapies for optimal wellness and vitality. Feel rejuvenated by restoring your hormones naturally, and effectively!
(424) 397-1847 View (424) 397-1847
Photo of Micaela Finlayson, ND, Naturopath
Micaela Finlayson
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Serves Area
When someone tells me I am the first doctor to listen to them I am so proud to be a Naturopathic Doctor. Guided natural therapies are safe and effective for the whole family. I take into consideration the environmental, mental and physical needs of my patients. My clients love how thorough I am and end up bringing in their kids, husbands and neighbors. I look for imbalances and the root cause. I use natural therapies to improve on disease conditions and your health. Schedule a starter limited 30 minute visit or schedule our most popular 2 hr wellness visit today.
When someone tells me I am the first doctor to listen to them I am so proud to be a Naturopathic Doctor. Guided natural therapies are safe and effective for the whole family. I take into consideration the environmental, mental and physical needs of my patients. My clients love how thorough I am and end up bringing in their kids, husbands and neighbors. I look for imbalances and the root cause. I use natural therapies to improve on disease conditions and your health. Schedule a starter limited 30 minute visit or schedule our most popular 2 hr wellness visit today.
(949) 785-5728 View (949) 785-5728
Photo of Maame-Mensima Horne, ND, ACHt, Naturopath
Maame-Mensima Horne
Naturopath, ND, ACHt
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
I am a naturopathic doctor and advanced clinical hypnotherapist who provides heart-centered, naturopathic care. I work with patients to address the root cause of their health concerns incorporating mind-body therapies with naturopathic practice. I practice evidence-informed traditional medicine and I provide a nurturing space for my patients to dive deeper into their healing if they choose to address mental/emotional causes to their health concerns. The primary therapies I use include: Nutritional and lifestyle counseling, mind body medicine, herbal medicine, hypnotherapy, homeopathy, medical massage and energetic healing.
I am a naturopathic doctor and advanced clinical hypnotherapist who provides heart-centered, naturopathic care. I work with patients to address the root cause of their health concerns incorporating mind-body therapies with naturopathic practice. I practice evidence-informed traditional medicine and I provide a nurturing space for my patients to dive deeper into their healing if they choose to address mental/emotional causes to their health concerns. The primary therapies I use include: Nutritional and lifestyle counseling, mind body medicine, herbal medicine, hypnotherapy, homeopathy, medical massage and energetic healing.
(310) 596-5480 View (310) 596-5480
Photo of Jeremy Fischer, ND, LAc, Naturopath
Jeremy Fischer
Naturopath, ND, LAc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sherman Oaks, CA 91403
Dr. Fischer treats a variety of chronic conditions. His passion is helping people recover from longstanding illnesses. Conditions treated include but are not limited to: * Gastrointestinal issues such as IBS, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease * Neurological conditions, stroke, multiple sclerosis * Heart disease, Atherosclerosis * Diabetes * Pain syndromes * Arthritis * Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue syndrome * Menstrual irregularities * Infertility (male and female) * Thyroid disorders * Mood disorders, including depression and anxiety * aging Please note this list is not exhaustive. If you have a health concern, chances are we can help you. Feel free to call for a free consultation.
Dr. Fischer treats a variety of chronic conditions. His passion is helping people recover from longstanding illnesses. Conditions treated include but are not limited to: * Gastrointestinal issues such as IBS, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease * Neurological conditions, stroke, multiple sclerosis * Heart disease, Atherosclerosis * Diabetes * Pain syndromes * Arthritis * Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue syndrome * Menstrual irregularities * Infertility (male and female) * Thyroid disorders * Mood disorders, including depression and anxiety * aging Please note this list is not exhaustive. If you have a health concern, chances are we can help you. Feel free to call for a free consultation.
(347) 650-3710 View (347) 650-3710
Photo of Dr. Reem Sharhan, ND, Naturopath
Dr. Reem Sharhan
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
Dr. Reem Sharhan is a licensed naturopathic doctor and a functional medicine in California, with over 10 years of experience in science and medicine, with a specialty in complex chronic illness and root cause medicine. Her focus is on managing hormonal imbalances (including irregular periods, thyroid, fertility issues), digestive conditions (such as IBS, IBD, SIBO), autoimmune disease, and supporting general women's health (cysts, UTIs, cystitis..). She offers a multidimensional specialty and her mission is to help clients connect the dots of their complex and chronic illness and address the root causes of their ailments.
Dr. Reem Sharhan is a licensed naturopathic doctor and a functional medicine in California, with over 10 years of experience in science and medicine, with a specialty in complex chronic illness and root cause medicine. Her focus is on managing hormonal imbalances (including irregular periods, thyroid, fertility issues), digestive conditions (such as IBS, IBD, SIBO), autoimmune disease, and supporting general women's health (cysts, UTIs, cystitis..). She offers a multidimensional specialty and her mission is to help clients connect the dots of their complex and chronic illness and address the root causes of their ailments.
(626) 790-2148 View (626) 790-2148
Photo of Allie McLane - Dr. Allie, ND, Naturopath
Dr. Allie
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Dr. Allie McLane is a naturopathic doctor with an emphasis on treating anxiety in women, She also treats PMDD/PMS, gastrointestinal health concerns and women's hormonal health.
Dr. Allie McLane is a naturopathic doctor with an emphasis on treating anxiety in women, She also treats PMDD/PMS, gastrointestinal health concerns and women's hormonal health.
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Photo of Guy Citrin - Citrin Wellness, ND, Naturopath
Citrin Wellness
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Beverly Hills, CA 90211
Gut health, hormone balancing, Ketamine therapy, peptides, mold, IVs and more!
Gut health, hormone balancing, Ketamine therapy, peptides, mold, IVs and more!
(424) 484-1957 View (424) 484-1957
Photo of Zulmy Mancia, ND, Naturopath
Zulmy Mancia
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Downey, CA 90240
Dr. Zulmy Mancia is a California licensed Naturopathic Doctor with a focus on thyroid health, digestive health, autoimmune disease and pre-diabetes. In her telemedicine practice she focuses on finding and treating the underlying cause of disease using various evidence-based natural treatments such as nutrition and lifestyle, supplements, botanical medicine and homeopathy. Dr. Mancia earned her Bachelor of Science in Biological Sciences from University of California, Irvine and completed her doctorate at Bastyr University California.
Dr. Zulmy Mancia is a California licensed Naturopathic Doctor with a focus on thyroid health, digestive health, autoimmune disease and pre-diabetes. In her telemedicine practice she focuses on finding and treating the underlying cause of disease using various evidence-based natural treatments such as nutrition and lifestyle, supplements, botanical medicine and homeopathy. Dr. Mancia earned her Bachelor of Science in Biological Sciences from University of California, Irvine and completed her doctorate at Bastyr University California.
(562) 655-7031 View (562) 655-7031
Photo of Heather Barrett, ND, Naturopath
Heather Barrett
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I received my doctorate in naturopathic medicine from The Boucher Institute of Naturopathic Medicine in 2011. Studying at BINM provided me with the opportunity to be exposed to a variety of specialty treatments, including the use of ozone, prolotherapy and IV therapies. In addition, I had the privilege of receiving formal medical training in oncology by Dr. Neil McKinney, one of the leading naturopathic doctors in naturopathic oncology. In 2012, I joined Synergy Natural Medicine Clinic in Monrovia, CA, to become a specialist in naturopathic oncology. In March, 2016, I redesigned a small clinic and we have been growing ever since!
I received my doctorate in naturopathic medicine from The Boucher Institute of Naturopathic Medicine in 2011. Studying at BINM provided me with the opportunity to be exposed to a variety of specialty treatments, including the use of ozone, prolotherapy and IV therapies. In addition, I had the privilege of receiving formal medical training in oncology by Dr. Neil McKinney, one of the leading naturopathic doctors in naturopathic oncology. In 2012, I joined Synergy Natural Medicine Clinic in Monrovia, CA, to become a specialist in naturopathic oncology. In March, 2016, I redesigned a small clinic and we have been growing ever since!
(925) 237-9158 View (925) 237-9158
Photo of Kristin Stiles Green, NMD, FABNO, Naturopath
Kristin Stiles Green
Naturopath, NMD, FABNO
Verified Verified
Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
As a naturopathic doctor I focus on restoring health and preventing disease. I will work to determine the root cause of your health issues and partner with you to develop an individualized program. This will emphasize using the safest, most effective, natural medicines available. I believe strongly in "practicing what I preach" and therefore I live my life with integrity and the same level of commitment to diet, health, exercise and wellness that I ask of my patients. I will never ask you to do something that I have not tried myself or I am not currently doing.
As a naturopathic doctor I focus on restoring health and preventing disease. I will work to determine the root cause of your health issues and partner with you to develop an individualized program. This will emphasize using the safest, most effective, natural medicines available. I believe strongly in "practicing what I preach" and therefore I live my life with integrity and the same level of commitment to diet, health, exercise and wellness that I ask of my patients. I will never ask you to do something that I have not tried myself or I am not currently doing.
(805) 870-8139 View (805) 870-8139
Photo of Dr. Tediana Torrens, ND, Naturopath
Dr. Tediana Torrens
Naturopath, ND
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am passionate about helping my clients find true and meaningful healing by identifying and treating the root cause of disease. I love working with individuals that want more than quick fixes and symptom management, as true healing can be a long and non-linear journey. My clients often seek support with hormone balance, menstrual concerns, thyroid disease, insulin resistance, adrenal support, gut and digestive health and mental health. I work with the entire family, from infancy through adulthood, in creating personalized wellness plans and achieving optimal health.
I am passionate about helping my clients find true and meaningful healing by identifying and treating the root cause of disease. I love working with individuals that want more than quick fixes and symptom management, as true healing can be a long and non-linear journey. My clients often seek support with hormone balance, menstrual concerns, thyroid disease, insulin resistance, adrenal support, gut and digestive health and mental health. I work with the entire family, from infancy through adulthood, in creating personalized wellness plans and achieving optimal health.
(341) 999-3701 View (341) 999-3701
Photo of Dr. David K. Scott, ND, CHNP, Naturopath
Dr. David K. Scott
Naturopath, ND, CHNP
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90405
As a Traditional Naturopath David will work with anyone who is in need of Holistic Healing services and wants a complete assessment of their health goals. He is a specialist for those in need of adjusting the alkaline balance in their bodies and will show you the best and safest way get the complete spectrum of nutrients for your body. Natures First Path also specializes in Reflexology and Iridology to further assist you in your quest for true health.
As a Traditional Naturopath David will work with anyone who is in need of Holistic Healing services and wants a complete assessment of their health goals. He is a specialist for those in need of adjusting the alkaline balance in their bodies and will show you the best and safest way get the complete spectrum of nutrients for your body. Natures First Path also specializes in Reflexology and Iridology to further assist you in your quest for true health.
(818) 877-4899 View (818) 877-4899
Photo of Dr. Raushanah Najeeullah, NMD, Naturopath
Dr. Raushanah Najeeullah
Naturopath, NMD
Verified Verified
Redondo Beach, CA 90277
I provide integrative care in an in-person or virtual setting to patients undergoing conventional cancer treatment. The customize treatment plans created for my patients significantly reduces side effects and increase effectiveness of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy.
I provide integrative care in an in-person or virtual setting to patients undergoing conventional cancer treatment. The customize treatment plans created for my patients significantly reduces side effects and increase effectiveness of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy.
(206) 210-1630 View (206) 210-1630
FAQs - Naturopathy

How can I find a naturopath in Pacific Palisades?

To find a naturopath near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a naturopath who matches your needs.

When you visit a naturopath's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, treatment modalities, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a naturopath, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to naturopathy and the training behind their credentials.

What do naturopaths do and when should I see one?

Naturopaths are healthcare practitioners who focus on using natural and holistic approaches to support the body’s ability to heal itself. They often employ treatments like herbal medicine, nutrition, lifestyle changes, and other natural therapies instead of conventional medicines. Naturopathy is rooted in the belief that wellness comes from balancing the body, mind, and spirit, aiming to treat the whole person rather than just addressing symptoms.

You might consider seeing a naturopath if traditional medical treatments haven’t been effective for you, or if you’re seeking a more integrative, holistic approach to health that includes natural remedies. Some people also turn to naturopathy to complement conventional treatments, and some patients may choose to work with a naturopath alongside their primary care doctor for a broader range of care.

What is a naturopathic doctor (ND) and what is the difference between an ND and a traditional naturopath?

Naturopaths who have undergone accredited training and passed an exam can become licensed to practice under the title "Naturopathic Doctor" (ND or NMD). Most NDs are trained in the specialty of primary care, but some elect to specialize in a certain area, such as endocrinology, pediatrics, psychiatry, or oncology. To become licensed as an ND, naturopaths must graduate from an accredited 4-year naturopathic medical program and pass a board examination known as the NPLEX. Currently, only 23 states and Washington DC recognize ND licensure, and practice standards vary significantly across these states. Further, three states—Florida, South Carolina and Tennessee—prohibit naturopaths from practicing.

In contrast, a "traditional naturopath" is an unregulated title that does not require formal education or licensure. Traditional naturopaths may follow similar holistic principles as NDs, focusing on natural remedies and wellness, but their training and qualifications can vary widely since no formal standards govern their practice or licensure.

Can a naturopathic doctor (ND) prescribe medication?

The practice of naturopathic doctors (NDs) is regulated at the state level, including their ability to prescribe medication. In most states, NDs are not permitted to prescribe any controlled substances; however, some states permit NDs to prescribe less regulated forms of medications. That said, many NDs employ a philosophy in which traditional medications are not used or used very sparingly, making prescribing practices more infrequent among NDs when compared to traditional medical doctors (MDs). Instead, many NDs may "prescribe" lifestyle changes, such as diet modification, exercise routines, or stress management/ relaxation techniques, to clients as a first line intervention.

How much does it cost to see a naturopath?

Appointments with Naturopaths can vary significantly in cost depending on the session type, length, and location. However, many naturopaths charge between $150-$300 per session. Since naturopathic services are not typically covered by insurance, most clients pay for naturopath sessions out of pocket.

Are consultancies from naturopaths covered by insurance?

In most cases, naturopath consultations and services are not covered by insurance. However, clients should check with their individual insurance provider to confirm whether any services may be covered. In some cases, naturopaths may hold additional licenses that are reimbursable for insurance coverage; for instance, some naturopaths may hold a degree in counseling, mental health therapy, or dietetics and integrate elements of their naturopathic practice, such as taking a holistic or spiritual approach, into counseling sessions with clients. In such cases, these sessions may be eligible for insurance coverage as part of one's mental health and nutritional service benefit coverage.