Acupuncturists in Lawrence, NY

Photo of Dr. Deborah Rothman, Acupuncturist, DACM, LAc, Dipl Ac
Dr. Deborah Rothman
Acupuncturist, DACM, LAc, Dipl Ac
Lawrence, NY 11559
Our mission is to service the whole person through a conglomeration of different modalities including Acupuncture, Microneedling, Salt Caves and Massage. We offer Cupping, E-Stim, GuaSha, Moxibustion & Tui-Na. We work together with our clients to achieve complete wellness in a therapeutic and relaxing environment. We understand that no two individuals are exactly alike, and thus we can custom tailor a treatment plan to the patient's needs and specifications. Our goal is to ensure that our clients are living life to its fullest, with physical wellness as well as emotional balance and harmony.
Our mission is to service the whole person through a conglomeration of different modalities including Acupuncture, Microneedling, Salt Caves and Massage. We offer Cupping, E-Stim, GuaSha, Moxibustion & Tui-Na. We work together with our clients to achieve complete wellness in a therapeutic and relaxing environment. We understand that no two individuals are exactly alike, and thus we can custom tailor a treatment plan to the patient's needs and specifications. Our goal is to ensure that our clients are living life to its fullest, with physical wellness as well as emotional balance and harmony.
(516) 246-2287 View (516) 246-2287

More Acupuncturists Nearby

Photo of Heung K Kim - Caring Hands Acupuncture, Acupuncturist, LAc
Caring Hands Acupuncture
Acupuncturist, LAc
Astoria, NY 11106
Acupuncture can effectively provide pain management and relief, even when conventional treatment methods have been unsuccessful. Individuals suffering from chronic conditions, such as ongoing back pain, shoulder pain, knee pain, arthritis, and recurring migraines, as well as those seeking treatment for relatively new injuries can all benefit from acupuncture treatments at our caring hands acupuncture clinic
Acupuncture can effectively provide pain management and relief, even when conventional treatment methods have been unsuccessful. Individuals suffering from chronic conditions, such as ongoing back pain, shoulder pain, knee pain, arthritis, and recurring migraines, as well as those seeking treatment for relatively new injuries can all benefit from acupuncture treatments at our caring hands acupuncture clinic
(718) 618-9564 View (718) 618-9564
Photo of Michael Cirillo, Acupuncturist, DAOM, MSTOM, LAc
Michael Cirillo
Acupuncturist, DAOM, MSTOM, LAc
Larchmont, NY 10538
As a National Certification Board for Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine (NCCAOM) board-certified Diplomate of Oriental Medicine, licensed in both New York and Connecticut, and a Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, I utilize safe, evidence-informed, and highly effective treatment methods rooted in the principles of Traditional Oriental Medicine. By blending ancient healing wisdom with modern clinical advances, I strive to help patients achieve meaningful, lasting results as comfortably and efficiently as possible.
As a National Certification Board for Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine (NCCAOM) board-certified Diplomate of Oriental Medicine, licensed in both New York and Connecticut, and a Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, I utilize safe, evidence-informed, and highly effective treatment methods rooted in the principles of Traditional Oriental Medicine. By blending ancient healing wisdom with modern clinical advances, I strive to help patients achieve meaningful, lasting results as comfortably and efficiently as possible.
(914) 758-1220 View (914) 758-1220
Photo of Jonathan Alexander Daniel, Acupuncturist, DC, LAc, DiHom
Jonathan Alexander Daniel
Acupuncturist, DC, LAc, DiHom
New York, NY 10013
I treat all conditions through the modalities that I am familiar with. I have been practicing Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)-- including Acupuncture and Chinese Herbology -- for 25 years. I have also taught TCM for 25 years at the Pacific College of Oriental Medicine in New York City and have served on the board of the Acupuncture Society of New York and have been working for the national testing organization for the licensure of Chinese Medicine practitioners (NCCAOM) for 25 years.
I treat all conditions through the modalities that I am familiar with. I have been practicing Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)-- including Acupuncture and Chinese Herbology -- for 25 years. I have also taught TCM for 25 years at the Pacific College of Oriental Medicine in New York City and have served on the board of the Acupuncture Society of New York and have been working for the national testing organization for the licensure of Chinese Medicine practitioners (NCCAOM) for 25 years.
(917) 740-6965 View (917) 740-6965
Photo of Xiao Jun Li - AL Acupuncture Care, Acupuncturist, LAc
AL Acupuncture Care
Acupuncturist, LAc
Flushing, NY 11355
Xiao Jun Amy Li possesses over 25 years of experience practicing Traditional Chinese Medicine in China and in the United States. She studied in TCM of Guangzhou, China.She is trained in the special painless technique of acupuncture and herbal medicine. Dr. Li worked at Taishan TCM Hospital Acupuncture Unit and treated thousands of patients with a multitude of conditions and illnesses with positive results.
Xiao Jun Amy Li possesses over 25 years of experience practicing Traditional Chinese Medicine in China and in the United States. She studied in TCM of Guangzhou, China.She is trained in the special painless technique of acupuncture and herbal medicine. Dr. Li worked at Taishan TCM Hospital Acupuncture Unit and treated thousands of patients with a multitude of conditions and illnesses with positive results.
(347) 479-1360 View (347) 479-1360
Photo of Mika Ichihara - Advanced Japanese Acupuncture by Master Mika, Acupuncturist, MS, LAc
Advanced Japanese Acupuncture by Master Mika
Acupuncturist, MS, LAc
New York, NY 10001
If you are dealing with complex chronic issues—such as autoimmune disorders, Lyme disease, inflammation, allergies, immune imbalance, hormonal, digestive, respiratory, or gynecological concerns—and symptoms continue to return despite various treatments, you are not alone. I treat these conditions using an advanced natural, integrative approach that carefully addresses the deeper patterns and factors contributing to the condition, supporting more stable and sustainable results over time rather than repeated flare-ups, and helping you restore balance and resilience to your body.
If you are dealing with complex chronic issues—such as autoimmune disorders, Lyme disease, inflammation, allergies, immune imbalance, hormonal, digestive, respiratory, or gynecological concerns—and symptoms continue to return despite various treatments, you are not alone. I treat these conditions using an advanced natural, integrative approach that carefully addresses the deeper patterns and factors contributing to the condition, supporting more stable and sustainable results over time rather than repeated flare-ups, and helping you restore balance and resilience to your body.
(704) 387-6376 View (704) 387-6376
Photo of Jenny H Wang - Advanced Acupuncture wellness,P.C., Acupuncturist, LAc, OMD
Advanced Acupuncture wellness,P.C.
Acupuncturist, LAc, OMD
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791
Traditional Chinese Medicine is for every season of our life, Natural, safe, and effective methods and techniques performed with options! About Dr. Wang * Oriental Medicine Doctor * Master of Science in Acupuncture & Traditional Chinese Medicine * New York State licensed Acupuncturist * Board Certified by the commission for acupuncture and Oriental Medicine * 20+ Years Experience of Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine Dr.Jenny H.Wang graduated from Henan University of TCM in 1985 .In addition, she also held a position at the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Medical University as a director of the Acupuncture division(1985-1996), as well as a professor at the medical school.
Traditional Chinese Medicine is for every season of our life, Natural, safe, and effective methods and techniques performed with options! About Dr. Wang * Oriental Medicine Doctor * Master of Science in Acupuncture & Traditional Chinese Medicine * New York State licensed Acupuncturist * Board Certified by the commission for acupuncture and Oriental Medicine * 20+ Years Experience of Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine Dr.Jenny H.Wang graduated from Henan University of TCM in 1985 .In addition, she also held a position at the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Medical University as a director of the Acupuncture division(1985-1996), as well as a professor at the medical school.
(516) 654-2330 View (516) 654-2330
Photo of Douglas Johnson - Knights Of Wellness, Acupuncturist, LMT, LAc, MS
Knights Of Wellness
Acupuncturist, LMT, LAc, MS
Rockville Centre, NY 11570
I am an Acupuncturist and a massage therapist. Health is very important to me. Is it important to you? I am interested in helping you with becoming healthier. A healthy lifestyle creates a healthy life. I believe that with routine massage and acupuncture one can achieve a healthy state of mind, body, and spirit. What we put in our body is also very important. Perhaps, together we can work towards a healthier future.
I am an Acupuncturist and a massage therapist. Health is very important to me. Is it important to you? I am interested in helping you with becoming healthier. A healthy lifestyle creates a healthy life. I believe that with routine massage and acupuncture one can achieve a healthy state of mind, body, and spirit. What we put in our body is also very important. Perhaps, together we can work towards a healthier future.
(516) 284-1589 View (516) 284-1589
Photo of Amelia E. Jones, Acupuncturist, MS, LAc
Amelia E. Jones
Acupuncturist, MS, LAc
New Rochelle, NY 10801
Amelia E. Jones is a graduate of Mt. Holyoke College and Pacific College of Oriental Medicine. A nationally recognized, board certified acupuncturist and herbologist with years of healing experience, she successfully treats her patients by drawing upon her wealth of knowledge in a number of complimentary modalities. Always treating the individual, and not just their diagnosis, her holistic approach to health maintenance brings out the best in her patients and, if they so desire, empowers them to take charge of their health.
Amelia E. Jones is a graduate of Mt. Holyoke College and Pacific College of Oriental Medicine. A nationally recognized, board certified acupuncturist and herbologist with years of healing experience, she successfully treats her patients by drawing upon her wealth of knowledge in a number of complimentary modalities. Always treating the individual, and not just their diagnosis, her holistic approach to health maintenance brings out the best in her patients and, if they so desire, empowers them to take charge of their health.
(508) 640-7954 View (508) 640-7954
Photo of Fay (Hui) Luo - Longevity Acupuncture, Acupuncturist, LAc, OMD, DiplAc, DiplOM
Longevity Acupuncture
Acupuncturist, LAc, OMD, DiplAc, DiplOM
Flushing, NY 11367
I graduated from Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1987. Since then, I spent over 30 years treating people with all sorts of health problems using acupuncture and/or herb medicine. Early in my practice to prevent surgery, I even self-treated an abdominal egg-sized tumor with severe abdominal pain and constipation. The experience further enhanced my desire and confidence in sharing the power and healing potential of Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture with all patients in need of healing and improving health.
I graduated from Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1987. Since then, I spent over 30 years treating people with all sorts of health problems using acupuncture and/or herb medicine. Early in my practice to prevent surgery, I even self-treated an abdominal egg-sized tumor with severe abdominal pain and constipation. The experience further enhanced my desire and confidence in sharing the power and healing potential of Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture with all patients in need of healing and improving health.
(929) 335-9298 View (929) 335-9298
Photo of Dr. Michael Gralak, Acupuncturist, DACM, LAc, LMT
Dr. Michael Gralak
Acupuncturist, DACM, LAc, LMT
Garden City, NY 11530
Dr. Michael Gralak cares for patients with all pain manifestations: muscle, skeleton, neurological, all kinds of sleep dysfunctions, fatigue, anxiety and mild depression, weight loss, addictions (nicotine, etc.). Immune system boost protocols, facial rejuvenation, pregnancy support, chemotherapy assistance are available.
Dr. Michael Gralak cares for patients with all pain manifestations: muscle, skeleton, neurological, all kinds of sleep dysfunctions, fatigue, anxiety and mild depression, weight loss, addictions (nicotine, etc.). Immune system boost protocols, facial rejuvenation, pregnancy support, chemotherapy assistance are available.
(516) 588-6059 View (516) 588-6059
Photo of Anthony Cerabino, Acupuncturist, LAc, LMT
Anthony Cerabino
Acupuncturist, LAc, LMT
1 Endorsed
Bay Shore, NY 11706
Here at Healthcare Wellness Center health and wisdom are in perfect harmony. I am a Licensed Acupuncturist and Massage Therapist; I've been practicing Acupuncture for 20 years, starting my own practice here in Bayshore in 2004. I am also certified in NAET, an allergy relief technique that helps patients without using medication. I've seen amazing results. I have had many success stories helping children with autism, ADHD and allergies alike. In addition, I have focused on stress, digestion, respiration and emotional imbalances as causes of dis-ease in individuals.
Here at Healthcare Wellness Center health and wisdom are in perfect harmony. I am a Licensed Acupuncturist and Massage Therapist; I've been practicing Acupuncture for 20 years, starting my own practice here in Bayshore in 2004. I am also certified in NAET, an allergy relief technique that helps patients without using medication. I've seen amazing results. I have had many success stories helping children with autism, ADHD and allergies alike. In addition, I have focused on stress, digestion, respiration and emotional imbalances as causes of dis-ease in individuals.
(631) 354-4332 View (631) 354-4332
Photo of Fumei Zhang - Fumei Zhang Acupuncture PC, Acupuncturist, LAc, LMT
Fumei Zhang Acupuncture PC
Acupuncturist, LAc, LMT
Lindenhurst, NY 11757
Stressed Out? Chronic pain? Lack energy? Or maybe you've tried every doctor and still have not found a cure for your ailments. We've treated patients dealing with a variety of problems from addiction to Parkinsons. I am dedicated to helping our clients achieve their optimal physical health and curating an experience tailored to each person.
Stressed Out? Chronic pain? Lack energy? Or maybe you've tried every doctor and still have not found a cure for your ailments. We've treated patients dealing with a variety of problems from addiction to Parkinsons. I am dedicated to helping our clients achieve their optimal physical health and curating an experience tailored to each person.
(631) 412-7798 View (631) 412-7798
Photo of Philip A Trigiani, Acupuncturist, DAc, LAc
Philip A Trigiani
Acupuncturist, DAc, LAc
New York, NY 10023
This Is Physical Medicine Acupuncture...and It Works Every Single Time! Through precise, powerful, yet gentle contacts, and delicate needle application, Physical Medicine Acupuncture (PMA) provides the tools which free physiological defenses, cueing the Central Nervous System to employ its potent self-corrective strategies, inviting order and new dimensions of relief. PMA's unique approach supports a "no force,non chiropractic" model of neural integrity coupled with the unlimited potential of Oriental medicine, no matter what the symptom or complaint! And It Works Every Single Time!
This Is Physical Medicine Acupuncture...and It Works Every Single Time! Through precise, powerful, yet gentle contacts, and delicate needle application, Physical Medicine Acupuncture (PMA) provides the tools which free physiological defenses, cueing the Central Nervous System to employ its potent self-corrective strategies, inviting order and new dimensions of relief. PMA's unique approach supports a "no force,non chiropractic" model of neural integrity coupled with the unlimited potential of Oriental medicine, no matter what the symptom or complaint! And It Works Every Single Time!
(646) 600-8056 View (646) 600-8056
Photo of Galina Tsypin, Acupuncturist, LAc, MSTOM
Galina Tsypin
Acupuncturist, LAc, MSTOM
Astoria, NY 11106
Are you suffering from headaches and migraines? Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine may be the answer to your problem. This holistic approach has been clinically proven to be extremely effective for headaches of all kinds. Acupuncture offers safe and very effective approach not just for symptom relief, but, in many cases, helps to provide a total freedom from headaches. There are many factors that may play a key role in the" root" cause of a headache. These include body constitution, emotional health, stress, improper diet, physical trauma or pregnancy.
Are you suffering from headaches and migraines? Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine may be the answer to your problem. This holistic approach has been clinically proven to be extremely effective for headaches of all kinds. Acupuncture offers safe and very effective approach not just for symptom relief, but, in many cases, helps to provide a total freedom from headaches. There are many factors that may play a key role in the" root" cause of a headache. These include body constitution, emotional health, stress, improper diet, physical trauma or pregnancy.
(917) 740-0980 View (917) 740-0980
Photo of Vanessa Jude Cafiero, Acupuncturist, LAc, LMT, HHC, RYT
Vanessa Jude Cafiero
Acupuncturist, LAc, LMT, HHC, RYT
1 Endorsed
Massapequa, NY 11758
We serve individuals seeking transformative solutions for their health concerns. From those needing non-opioid pain relief, injury recovery, and orthopedic acupuncture to those addressing internal medicine issues, head trauma, and chronic pain, our holistic approach encompasses advanced bodywork modalities like myofascial release and craniosacral therapy. Whether physical or emotional, every challenge finds its answer at Emerge.
We serve individuals seeking transformative solutions for their health concerns. From those needing non-opioid pain relief, injury recovery, and orthopedic acupuncture to those addressing internal medicine issues, head trauma, and chronic pain, our holistic approach encompasses advanced bodywork modalities like myofascial release and craniosacral therapy. Whether physical or emotional, every challenge finds its answer at Emerge.
(516) 714-5664 View (516) 714-5664
Photo of Evangelina Jacobson, Acupuncturist, DiplOM, MSAc, MSCH
Evangelina Jacobson
Acupuncturist, DiplOM, MSAc, MSCH
Merrick, NY 11566
I am dedicated to giving the best possible service by offering a wide variety of modalities to best accommodate your individual needs. Using the latest technology, I offer effective treatments in comfort, with or without the use of needles.
I am dedicated to giving the best possible service by offering a wide variety of modalities to best accommodate your individual needs. Using the latest technology, I offer effective treatments in comfort, with or without the use of needles.
(516) 221-9267 View (516) 221-9267
Photo of Jun (Henry) Wu, Acupuncturist, LAc
Jun (Henry) Wu
Acupuncturist, LAc
Larchmont, NY 10538
Jun (Henry) Wu is a NYS licensed acupuncturist. Dr. Wu has devoted himself to practicing and studying Traditional Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture, Tai Chi, Tui Na. He graduated from the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. While practicing as a physician at the municipal hospital in Shanghai, Dr. Wu was selected to work in many foreign countries based on his distinguished performance. For more than 20 years, Dr. Wu has practiced in Westchester, NY, serving the community. The office space of Mamaroneck Acupuncture is a unique place designed to make all patients feel welcome, comfortable, and relaxed.
Jun (Henry) Wu is a NYS licensed acupuncturist. Dr. Wu has devoted himself to practicing and studying Traditional Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture, Tai Chi, Tui Na. He graduated from the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. While practicing as a physician at the municipal hospital in Shanghai, Dr. Wu was selected to work in many foreign countries based on his distinguished performance. For more than 20 years, Dr. Wu has practiced in Westchester, NY, serving the community. The office space of Mamaroneck Acupuncture is a unique place designed to make all patients feel welcome, comfortable, and relaxed.
(914) 458-2981 View (914) 458-2981
Photo of Jennifer Nelson, Acupuncturist, LAc, LMT, RYT
Jennifer Nelson
Acupuncturist, LAc, LMT, RYT
Massapequa, NY 11758
Our patients tend to prefer a wholistic approach to their health, often having already tried conventional medical interventions without much success. They want an effective, long-lasting solution to their wellness concerns, instead of a temporary 'band-aid.' Whether they see us for chronic conditions (like pain management, fibromyalgia, or tennis elbow, etc.), or for preventative maintenance to maintain optimal wellness, our patients receive customized and individualized service. We aim to not only educate patients about how their bodies operate, but also to empower them to take an active role in their own health care.
Our patients tend to prefer a wholistic approach to their health, often having already tried conventional medical interventions without much success. They want an effective, long-lasting solution to their wellness concerns, instead of a temporary 'band-aid.' Whether they see us for chronic conditions (like pain management, fibromyalgia, or tennis elbow, etc.), or for preventative maintenance to maintain optimal wellness, our patients receive customized and individualized service. We aim to not only educate patients about how their bodies operate, but also to empower them to take an active role in their own health care.
(917) 746-8651 View (917) 746-8651
Photo of Nathalie Guillaume, Acupuncturist, DAOM, LAc, CQI
Nathalie Guillaume
Acupuncturist, DAOM, LAc, CQI
Forest Hills, NY 11375
Dr. Nathalie Guillaume, DAOM, L.Ac is a Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine and Licensed Acupuncturist specializing in pain management, oncology and medical qigong. She has done clinical rotations in China where she received advanced training at Long Hua Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in Shanghai and Sichuan Integrative Eastern and Western Hospital in Chengdu. Her experience in yoga and dance has influenced her interest in a mindfulness approach to the clinical practice using exercise as medicine.
Dr. Nathalie Guillaume, DAOM, L.Ac is a Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine and Licensed Acupuncturist specializing in pain management, oncology and medical qigong. She has done clinical rotations in China where she received advanced training at Long Hua Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in Shanghai and Sichuan Integrative Eastern and Western Hospital in Chengdu. Her experience in yoga and dance has influenced her interest in a mindfulness approach to the clinical practice using exercise as medicine.
(844) 774-2779 View (844) 774-2779
FAQs - About Acupuncture

How can I find an acupuncturist in Lawrence?

To find an acupuncturist near you, enter your city, town, suburb, ZIP code, or the provider's name into the search bar at the top of the page. You can then filter results by provider specialty, treatment technique or style, and even gender to find an acupuncturist who best matches your needs.

When viewing an acupuncturist’s profile, take note of key details such as session costs, their area of specialty, treatment techniques, and location to determine if they’re a good fit. If a provider seems promising, you can reach out via email or phone using the contact information on their profile. During the conversation, assess your comfort level and their expertise in addressing your specific concerns. It’s also a good opportunity to ask about their overall approach to care and confirm any relevant acupuncture credentials they hold.

What can acupuncture help with?

Acupuncture is most commonly used to treat chronic pain, including pain caused by physical injuries, arthritis, or migraines. It may also help with autoimmune conditions, nausea, digestive issues, and behavioral health concerns such as anxiety, depression, or insomnia. Rooted in ancient Chinese tradition, acupuncture is based on the belief that illness results from an imbalance in the body’s energy, or “Qi.” Practitioners aim to restore the balance and flow of Qi by stimulating specific acupuncture points throughout the body, which is thought to alleviate pain and other symptoms associated with these conditions.

Acupuncture is typically used alongside medical treatment rather than as a replacement. It is important to note that acupuncture practitioners are not trained to diagnose or medically manage conditions, so it should not substitute regular care from a licensed medical provider.

Is a licensed acupuncturist a doctor?

No, acupuncturists are not medical doctors. To practice acupuncture, there is typically less training needed than that required for medical doctors. Acupuncture practitioners typically need to complete a master’s-level training program and meet a minimum requirement for clinical exposure before obtaining a license. However, licensing requirements vary by state. While most states have established minimum standards, some, such as Alabama, Oklahoma, and South Dakota, do not offer licensure for acupuncturists. In these states, there are no formal education or training requirements to practice acupuncture. The National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM) oversees acupuncture training and certification. This organization administers the national certification exam, which is required in many states to obtain a state-issued acupuncture license.

How many acupuncture sessions are generally needed?

Acupuncture is typically a time-limited treatment lasting 3 to 6 weeks, with sessions occurring 1 to 2 times per week. However, the duration and frequency of treatment may vary depending on the severity of symptoms and the nature of the condition or injury being treated. Acupuncturists should regularly assess their clients' progress, monitoring changes in symptoms and adjusting the treatment plan as necessary. After completing the initial course of treatment, some practitioners may recommend periodic "tune-up" sessions to help maintain symptom relief and longer-term well-being.

How much does it cost to see an acupuncturist?

The cost of acupuncture sessions typically ranges from $75 to $150 per session, depending on factors such as location, the provider’s experience, and the type of service offered. Some insurance plans may cover a portion of these costs, so it’s worth checking your specific coverage details. Additionally, some acupuncturists offer session packages or discounts for clients who commit to multiple sessions upfront, providing a more cost-effective option for those seeking ongoing treatment.

Is acupuncture covered by insurance?

Insurance coverage for acupuncture varies depending on the client’s insurance provider and specific plan. In many cases, insurance will cover a limited number of acupuncture sessions if the client has a referral from a medical doctor. The growing focus on non-opioid treatments for chronic pain has increased interest in acupuncture and led to improved insurance coverage in some plans. However, coverage often comes with conditions, such as copayments, limits on the number of sessions, or restrictions on the types of conditions eligible for treatment. For example, Medicare Part B generally covers acupuncture only for chronic low back pain. Clients should review their insurance policy to understand the extent and specifics of their plan's coverage of acupuncture treatments.