Nutritionists and Dietitians in Arlington, VA

Photo of Jenna Gorlick, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPH, RDN
Jenna Gorlick
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPH, RDN
Arlington, VA 22203
Jenna is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist specializing in the treatment of eating disorders and disordered eating. After completing her Bachelors in psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Jenna worked in clinical research with adolescents with disordered eating at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. She then went on to pursue her Masters of Public Health in Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic Internship at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. While in school, Jenna conducted research on family feeding practices and experiences of weight stigma.
Jenna is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist specializing in the treatment of eating disorders and disordered eating. After completing her Bachelors in psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Jenna worked in clinical research with adolescents with disordered eating at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. She then went on to pursue her Masters of Public Health in Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic Internship at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. While in school, Jenna conducted research on family feeding practices and experiences of weight stigma.
(202) 816-5920 View (202) 816-5920
Photo of Jennifer Hanft, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDN
Jennifer Hanft
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDN
Online Only
My ideal client is someone navigating a health condition like PCOS, diabetes, or heart issues—or a parent seeking guidance on feeding their family well. They want practical, evidence-based support that fits their real life, not a rigid diet. Their goal is to feel better, age well, or raise confident, healthy eaters. They seek clarity, empathy, and long-term solutions rooted in science and compassion.
My ideal client is someone navigating a health condition like PCOS, diabetes, or heart issues—or a parent seeking guidance on feeding their family well. They want practical, evidence-based support that fits their real life, not a rigid diet. Their goal is to feel better, age well, or raise confident, healthy eaters. They seek clarity, empathy, and long-term solutions rooted in science and compassion.
(703) 997-2651 View (703) 997-2651
Photo of Jessica Ganzer, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Jessica Ganzer
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Online Only
My ideal client is someone struggling with weight management or looking to improve their overall health through nutrition. They feel overwhelmed by conflicting advice and need practical, sustainable strategies. Their goal is to build healthier habits, gain confidence in the kitchen, and achieve lasting well-being. They want guidance from someone who understands the power of food and supports their journey.
My ideal client is someone struggling with weight management or looking to improve their overall health through nutrition. They feel overwhelmed by conflicting advice and need practical, sustainable strategies. Their goal is to build healthier habits, gain confidence in the kitchen, and achieve lasting well-being. They want guidance from someone who understands the power of food and supports their journey.
(571) 540-8384 View (571) 540-8384
Photo of Callie McBride, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CPT
Callie McBride
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CPT
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22209
My goal is to provide clients with the skills and knowledge they need to intentionally fuel and move their bodies without creating rules or restrictions. I strive to make a meaningful impact by creating a safe, supportive space for those navigating complex relationships with food and body image, and I’m committed to helping clients of all backgrounds achieve sustainable, health-focused outcomes.
My goal is to provide clients with the skills and knowledge they need to intentionally fuel and move their bodies without creating rules or restrictions. I strive to make a meaningful impact by creating a safe, supportive space for those navigating complex relationships with food and body image, and I’m committed to helping clients of all backgrounds achieve sustainable, health-focused outcomes.
(703) 570-5476 View (703) 570-5476
Photo of Brittany Kern, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CEDRD
Brittany Kern
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CEDRD
Online Only
Hi, I'm Britt Kern, a registered dietitian specializing in the treatment of eating disorders, disordered eating, weight concerns, autoimmune disorders, digestive disorders, and food sensitivities. With a compassionate and holistic approach, I am dedicated to helping individuals cultivate a healthy and balanced relationship with food, their bodies, and themselves. I hold a degree in nutrition and dietetics and am licensed as a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN). My previous experience spans high-level care settings, including inpatient, Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP), and Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP).
Hi, I'm Britt Kern, a registered dietitian specializing in the treatment of eating disorders, disordered eating, weight concerns, autoimmune disorders, digestive disorders, and food sensitivities. With a compassionate and holistic approach, I am dedicated to helping individuals cultivate a healthy and balanced relationship with food, their bodies, and themselves. I hold a degree in nutrition and dietetics and am licensed as a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN). My previous experience spans high-level care settings, including inpatient, Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP), and Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP).
(571) 339-0360 View (571) 339-0360
Photo of Lauren Trocchio, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MSc, RD, CSSD, CSOWM, LD
Lauren Trocchio
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MSc, RD, CSSD, CSOWM, LD
Arlington, VA 22201
I focus on helping clients develop habits supporting their individual goals, whether preparing for a race, struggling with gastrointestinal issues, or working on disordered eating behaviors. Recognizing there is no single approach to nutrition or wellness, I meet clients where they are & help identify not only ways to adjust dietary intake but also practical ways in which to do so. I have a background working with a team of medical providers (physicians, psychologists, exercise physiologists) & therefore have a strong commitment to viewing the "whole" individual, & taking that into consideration with any goals or plans we develop.
I focus on helping clients develop habits supporting their individual goals, whether preparing for a race, struggling with gastrointestinal issues, or working on disordered eating behaviors. Recognizing there is no single approach to nutrition or wellness, I meet clients where they are & help identify not only ways to adjust dietary intake but also practical ways in which to do so. I have a background working with a team of medical providers (physicians, psychologists, exercise physiologists) & therefore have a strong commitment to viewing the "whole" individual, & taking that into consideration with any goals or plans we develop.
(808) 419-7324 View (808) 419-7324
Photo of Theresa Mary Roth - Be Healthy Nutrition Consulting, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN , LD, CEDS-S
Be Healthy Nutrition Consulting
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN , LD, CEDS-S
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22209
Be Healthy Nutrition Consulting is a group practice of 12 dietitians who specialize in eating disorders. We are committed to helping people overcome their struggles with food. We has extensive experience in the field of eating disorders and we believe that all individuals are worthy of recovery. Our dietitians provide a non-judgmental environment while promoting self-compassion and we use a Health at Every Size (HAES) approach.
Be Healthy Nutrition Consulting is a group practice of 12 dietitians who specialize in eating disorders. We are committed to helping people overcome their struggles with food. We has extensive experience in the field of eating disorders and we believe that all individuals are worthy of recovery. Our dietitians provide a non-judgmental environment while promoting self-compassion and we use a Health at Every Size (HAES) approach.
(703) 782-5629 View (703) 782-5629
Photo of Vida Semsarzadeh, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD
Vida Semsarzadeh
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22209
Vida is a registered dietitian who is passionate about helping others improve their relationship with food and their bodies through a weight inclusive and HAES approach. She combines her extensive knowledge base and compassionate nature to create a trusting, supportive, and non-judgmental environment for clients.
Vida is a registered dietitian who is passionate about helping others improve their relationship with food and their bodies through a weight inclusive and HAES approach. She combines her extensive knowledge base and compassionate nature to create a trusting, supportive, and non-judgmental environment for clients.
(301) 685-0920 View (301) 685-0920
Photo of Emilee Young, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
Emilee Young
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
Online Only
I’m a Registered Dietitian specializing in eating disorder recovery, including anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, ARFID, and OSFED. My approach is warm, inclusive, and rooted in helping you rebuild trust with food and your body—without shame or diet culture. Whether you're just beginning recovery or returning to it, I offer compassionate support to help you create a more peaceful, sustainable relationship with food.
I’m a Registered Dietitian specializing in eating disorder recovery, including anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, ARFID, and OSFED. My approach is warm, inclusive, and rooted in helping you rebuild trust with food and your body—without shame or diet culture. Whether you're just beginning recovery or returning to it, I offer compassionate support to help you create a more peaceful, sustainable relationship with food.
(571) 701-1217 View (571) 701-1217
Photo of Nirvana Abou-Gabal - Nourished Living, LLC (Nirvana Abou-Gabal), Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, LDN
Nourished Living, LLC (Nirvana Abou-Gabal)
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, LDN
Serves Area
My philosophy in a nutshell: Deciding what to eat shouldn't be complicated. In a world where food and wellness are the new religion, I’m as undogmatic as they come. I practice from a Health at Every Size paradigm, and believe that nurturing (and healing) our relationship with food is just as important as WHAT we eat. I help women who are already carrying the world on their shoulders prioritize their health once again without restriction, deprivation, or shame. By focusing on our relationship with food, in addition to overall nutrition, we quite literally bring joy back to the table.
My philosophy in a nutshell: Deciding what to eat shouldn't be complicated. In a world where food and wellness are the new religion, I’m as undogmatic as they come. I practice from a Health at Every Size paradigm, and believe that nurturing (and healing) our relationship with food is just as important as WHAT we eat. I help women who are already carrying the world on their shoulders prioritize their health once again without restriction, deprivation, or shame. By focusing on our relationship with food, in addition to overall nutrition, we quite literally bring joy back to the table.
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Photo of Shawna S Shaw, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CLT
Shawna S Shaw
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CLT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Do you suffer from IBS, migraines, chronic pain/fatigue, or autoimmune illness? Find out how food sensitivities can contribute to these conditions and more.
Do you suffer from IBS, migraines, chronic pain/fatigue, or autoimmune illness? Find out how food sensitivities can contribute to these conditions and more.
(769) 247-5529 View (769) 247-5529
Photo of Nina Shamloo, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, LDN
Nina Shamloo
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, LDN
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you’ve been dealing with gut symptoms, hormone shifts, or are preparing your body for pregnancy, you’re in the right place, and I’d love to support you. I work with women who want to feel better in their bodies. Whether it’s bloating, irregular cycles, mood swings, or low energy, my goal is to help you feel more balanced, nourished, and confident in your health. I also support clients through fertility prep and pregnancy, making sure you feel strong and supported every step of the way. Together, we’ll look at the root causes of your symptoms and create a realistic, personalized plan that works with your life, not against it.
If you’ve been dealing with gut symptoms, hormone shifts, or are preparing your body for pregnancy, you’re in the right place, and I’d love to support you. I work with women who want to feel better in their bodies. Whether it’s bloating, irregular cycles, mood swings, or low energy, my goal is to help you feel more balanced, nourished, and confident in your health. I also support clients through fertility prep and pregnancy, making sure you feel strong and supported every step of the way. Together, we’ll look at the root causes of your symptoms and create a realistic, personalized plan that works with your life, not against it.
(202) 873-8338 View (202) 873-8338
Photo of Julia Eltzroth, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
Julia Eltzroth
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I specialize in recovery from an eating disorder or disordered eating patterns. My goal is to help clients live a life free from intrusive thoughts about food, body image, and movement. I have experience helping adolescent and adult clients with all eating disorder diagnoses.
I specialize in recovery from an eating disorder or disordered eating patterns. My goal is to help clients live a life free from intrusive thoughts about food, body image, and movement. I have experience helping adolescent and adult clients with all eating disorder diagnoses.
(202) 980-1461 View (202) 980-1461
Photo of Aubrey Stephenson Kepler - Potomac Nutrition, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Potomac Nutrition
Nutritionist/Dietitian
Online Only
Hi, welcome to Potomac Nutrition! We are a team of 3 dietitians and have openings now for new patients. At Potomac Nutrition, we work collaboratively with patients to help them reach their nutrition and health goals. All appointments are virtual at this time. Collectively, we have over 10 years of experience with nutrition counseling. We see patients with a variety of concerns such as autoimmune disease, endocrine disease, relationship with food, digestive health, heart health, women's health and PCOS, athletic performance, weight concerns and eating disorders. Each dietitian has a unique speciality for a variety of concerns.
Hi, welcome to Potomac Nutrition! We are a team of 3 dietitians and have openings now for new patients. At Potomac Nutrition, we work collaboratively with patients to help them reach their nutrition and health goals. All appointments are virtual at this time. Collectively, we have over 10 years of experience with nutrition counseling. We see patients with a variety of concerns such as autoimmune disease, endocrine disease, relationship with food, digestive health, heart health, women's health and PCOS, athletic performance, weight concerns and eating disorders. Each dietitian has a unique speciality for a variety of concerns.
(301) 900-3497 View (301) 900-3497
Photo of Rebecca Mohning, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CSSD, LD, CPT
Rebecca Mohning
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CSSD, LD, CPT
Serves Area
Rebecca is a registered dietitian, board certified sports dietitian and a personal trainer with her Bachelor's degree in dietetics and her graduate degree in exercise and sports science from Iowa State University. She also has a personal training certification from the American College of Sports Medicine. Rebecca works with digestive issues, allergies, weight issues and with several athletes from various training groups - DC tri, Team Z, Team in Training, Pacers, and others. She also works closely with folks with multiple food allergies and has very extensive and personal experience in this area as well as with weight loss.
Rebecca is a registered dietitian, board certified sports dietitian and a personal trainer with her Bachelor's degree in dietetics and her graduate degree in exercise and sports science from Iowa State University. She also has a personal training certification from the American College of Sports Medicine. Rebecca works with digestive issues, allergies, weight issues and with several athletes from various training groups - DC tri, Team Z, Team in Training, Pacers, and others. She also works closely with folks with multiple food allergies and has very extensive and personal experience in this area as well as with weight loss.
(571) 207-9841 View (571) 207-9841
Photo of Virginia Inglese, Nutritionist/Dietitian, LCSW, RD, MA, CLC, EDS
Virginia Inglese
Nutritionist/Dietitian, LCSW, RD, MA, CLC, EDS
Serves Area
Ideally, a client who presents with disordered eating and needs a combination of psychotherapy, nutritional therapy, and bodywork or fitness training. Using a holistic approach, I address underlying issues and triggers behind the disordered eating. I teach clients to identify their feelings, use non-food coping skills, awareness of true hunger cues, and become more connected to their bodies by separating food from feelings. Together in a safe, supportive environment, we will explore barriers to change such as body image, exercise resistance, and emotional eating.
Ideally, a client who presents with disordered eating and needs a combination of psychotherapy, nutritional therapy, and bodywork or fitness training. Using a holistic approach, I address underlying issues and triggers behind the disordered eating. I teach clients to identify their feelings, use non-food coping skills, awareness of true hunger cues, and become more connected to their bodies by separating food from feelings. Together in a safe, supportive environment, we will explore barriers to change such as body image, exercise resistance, and emotional eating.
(571) 290-2702 View (571) 290-2702
Photo of Tyra Tanner - ELLAD Preventative Health, Nutritionist/Dietitian, DNP, ANP, CNS, RD, PMHNP
ELLAD Preventative Health
Nutritionist/Dietitian, DNP, ANP, CNS, RD, PMHNP
Serves Area
Our philosophy centers around the holistic well-being of our patients, with a focus on delivering comprehensive care for every aspect of our patient's health. By integrating wellness components, we can provide whole-person healthcare that considers all facets of our patient's health.
Our philosophy centers around the holistic well-being of our patients, with a focus on delivering comprehensive care for every aspect of our patient's health. By integrating wellness components, we can provide whole-person healthcare that considers all facets of our patient's health.
(804) 455-7265 View (804) 455-7265
Theresa O'Donnell
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Serves Area
I treat each person in a holistic manner balancing mind, body and spirit for optimum health. I am dedicated to finding the best wellness approach uniquely suited to each individual's needs to make lasting health changes for eating disorders, IBS, Diabetes, Fibromyalgia, migraines, gastrointestinal issues, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular health, Hypertension, high cholesterol, sports nutrition and weight management issues.
I treat each person in a holistic manner balancing mind, body and spirit for optimum health. I am dedicated to finding the best wellness approach uniquely suited to each individual's needs to make lasting health changes for eating disorders, IBS, Diabetes, Fibromyalgia, migraines, gastrointestinal issues, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular health, Hypertension, high cholesterol, sports nutrition and weight management issues.
(703) 468-4954 View (703) 468-4954
Photo of Jereme' A Gallier - JG Performance and Wellness L.L.C, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
JG Performance and Wellness L.L.C
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
Online Only
Hello! As a dietitian, I provide personalized nutrition counseling to help individuals care for their bodies and enjoy food. My specialities include general wellness, sports nutrition, diabetes management, weight loss/gain, and disordered eating. With a collaborative approach I help clients create effective nutrition plans that fit into their lives and empower them to make informed choices and achieve goals that matter to them. Let's work towards a healthier, happier lifestyle together.
Hello! As a dietitian, I provide personalized nutrition counseling to help individuals care for their bodies and enjoy food. My specialities include general wellness, sports nutrition, diabetes management, weight loss/gain, and disordered eating. With a collaborative approach I help clients create effective nutrition plans that fit into their lives and empower them to make informed choices and achieve goals that matter to them. Let's work towards a healthier, happier lifestyle together.
(410) 826-0209 View (410) 826-0209
Photo of Stacy O'Brien, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CLT
Stacy O'Brien
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CLT
Online Only
Does your stomach bother you more than you care to admit? Bloated? Gassy? Going to the bathroom too much? or too little?? Does your stomach hurt all of the time and you're you're not sure what to eat? Has your doctor told you you're fine while you feel anything but fine? Worse yet, did your doctor told you to take fiber which just makes you feel awful? Do you have or suspect SIBO? IBS? Maybe you've already been through much GI testing and it is all negative, but your GI symptoms persist. Don't give up! I can help you figure out what to eat for symptom relief AND we can work on finding the root cause of your GI discomfort.
Does your stomach bother you more than you care to admit? Bloated? Gassy? Going to the bathroom too much? or too little?? Does your stomach hurt all of the time and you're you're not sure what to eat? Has your doctor told you you're fine while you feel anything but fine? Worse yet, did your doctor told you to take fiber which just makes you feel awful? Do you have or suspect SIBO? IBS? Maybe you've already been through much GI testing and it is all negative, but your GI symptoms persist. Don't give up! I can help you figure out what to eat for symptom relief AND we can work on finding the root cause of your GI discomfort.
(973) 840-8578 View (973) 840-8578
FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians

How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in Arlington?

To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.

When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.

What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?

The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.

A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.

In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.

When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.

Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.

Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.

How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.

Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?

If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.

Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.