Nutritionists and Dietitians in Chappaqua, NY

Michael Benjamin Wald
Nutritionist/Dietitian, DC, Acupunc, PhD, MS, Sports
Chappaqua, NY 10514
When I imagine my ideal client, I picture someone motivated, intelligent, and ready for meaningful change—yet often frustrated by confusing, incomplete, or contradictory health information. They may be dealing with chronic symptoms, low energy, inflammation, digestive problems, weight issues, hormonal shifts, or simply the sense that they’re not functioning at their best. Many have already visited multiple practitioners without receiving clear answers, and they come to me looking for a comprehensive, science-based, holistic approach that finally makes sense of their health concerns. My ideal client needs a practitioner who can conne
When I imagine my ideal client, I picture someone motivated, intelligent, and ready for meaningful change—yet often frustrated by confusing, incomplete, or contradictory health information. They may be dealing with chronic symptoms, low energy, inflammation, digestive problems, weight issues, hormonal shifts, or simply the sense that they’re not functioning at their best. Many have already visited multiple practitioners without receiving clear answers, and they come to me looking for a comprehensive, science-based, holistic approach that finally makes sense of their health concerns. My ideal client needs a practitioner who can conne
(914) 873-4416 View (914) 873-4416
Angela T. Russo
Nutritionist, MS, CNS, ACN, GAPS
Serves Area
Are you ready to feel better, gain vitality and optimal health? Overwhelmed by health challenges, struggling and tired of being sick? My focus is to determine your underlying health problems and treat it. I specialize in addressing various symptoms including: nutritional deficiencies and intolerances, inflammation, fatigue, allergies, digestive issues such as gas, bloat, constipation, diabetes and sugar imbalances, high cholesterol and blood pressure, hormonal imbalances, stress, toxicity, detoxification and more. I develop weight loss programs designed around you, your goals and your commitment to achieving your ideal weight. This will be the last weight loss program you will ever need.
Are you ready to feel better, gain vitality and optimal health? Overwhelmed by health challenges, struggling and tired of being sick? My focus is to determine your underlying health problems and treat it. I specialize in addressing various symptoms including: nutritional deficiencies and intolerances, inflammation, fatigue, allergies, digestive issues such as gas, bloat, constipation, diabetes and sugar imbalances, high cholesterol and blood pressure, hormonal imbalances, stress, toxicity, detoxification and more. I develop weight loss programs designed around you, your goals and your commitment to achieving your ideal weight. This will be the last weight loss program you will ever need.
(914) 618-4764 View (914) 618-4764

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Melainie Rogers
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CDN, CEDRD-S
Serves Area
Melainie Rogers, MS, RDN, CDN, CEDRD-S is a Certified Eating Disorder Registered Dietitian and clinical supervisor. She is the Founder/Executive Director of BALANCE eating disorder treatment center and melainie rogers nutrition, LLC. Her nutritional philosophy is based on the principles of Intuitive Eating & Health At Every Size. She is an adjunct professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at New York University. Melainie is the author of an online eBook, now in print, entitled Redefining Wellness: The Ultimate Diet-Free Guide. Melainie offers a clinical supervision group to dietitians & healthcare professionals.
Melainie Rogers, MS, RDN, CDN, CEDRD-S is a Certified Eating Disorder Registered Dietitian and clinical supervisor. She is the Founder/Executive Director of BALANCE eating disorder treatment center and melainie rogers nutrition, LLC. Her nutritional philosophy is based on the principles of Intuitive Eating & Health At Every Size. She is an adjunct professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at New York University. Melainie is the author of an online eBook, now in print, entitled Redefining Wellness: The Ultimate Diet-Free Guide. Melainie offers a clinical supervision group to dietitians & healthcare professionals.
(212) 645-6903 View (212) 645-6903
Allison Vogel
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDN
White Plains, NY 10601
I believe that nutrition counseling is an individualized process. Each and every client that I work with is unique and has different needs, lifestyles, and goals. As a result, I take a great deal of time and care to ensure they each receive the support, guidance, and expertise they deserve. My aim is not only to help think about what to eat but help empower those to find peace, health and mindfulness as they work toward their goals. I do not believe in diets or restricting foods or food groups. Instead, I believe in focusing on WHY we eat related to our forever changing bodies so we can understand the food choices we make.
I believe that nutrition counseling is an individualized process. Each and every client that I work with is unique and has different needs, lifestyles, and goals. As a result, I take a great deal of time and care to ensure they each receive the support, guidance, and expertise they deserve. My aim is not only to help think about what to eat but help empower those to find peace, health and mindfulness as they work toward their goals. I do not believe in diets or restricting foods or food groups. Instead, I believe in focusing on WHY we eat related to our forever changing bodies so we can understand the food choices we make.
(551) 310-2433 View (551) 310-2433
Ilyse Schapiro
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Harrison, NY 10528
As a Credentialed Registered Dietitian, I work with clients to develop plans that are gimmick-free and easy to follow. Fad diets don't work and ultimately lead to disappointment. I take a balanced and realistic approach to help you live a healthier life. In our first session, I develop a comprehensive and customized meal plan that addresses your specific health needs, lifestyle and nutrition concerns without deprivation. Follow up sessions support your goals, and in between office visits, I am available via phone, email or text to answer questions and offer encouragement.
As a Credentialed Registered Dietitian, I work with clients to develop plans that are gimmick-free and easy to follow. Fad diets don't work and ultimately lead to disappointment. I take a balanced and realistic approach to help you live a healthier life. In our first session, I develop a comprehensive and customized meal plan that addresses your specific health needs, lifestyle and nutrition concerns without deprivation. Follow up sessions support your goals, and in between office visits, I am available via phone, email or text to answer questions and offer encouragement.
(646) 480-6341 View (646) 480-6341
Holistic Nutrition & Intuitive Living
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDN, RYT
Online Only
Have you ever caught yourself wondering why you eat the way you do? Maybe you’ve asked, “Why do I overeat?” “Why do I restrict?” or even, “Why do I bounce between the two?” And maybe you’ve started to realize—it’s not just about the food, or your body. So what is it really about? As a Nutrition Counselor, Registered Dietitian and Body Image Therapist, I get how layered and frustrating this can feel. I understand the guilt, the self-blame, and that overwhelming sense that food somehow has power over you. You’re not alone—and you’re not broken. You deserve to feel comfortable.
Have you ever caught yourself wondering why you eat the way you do? Maybe you’ve asked, “Why do I overeat?” “Why do I restrict?” or even, “Why do I bounce between the two?” And maybe you’ve started to realize—it’s not just about the food, or your body. So what is it really about? As a Nutrition Counselor, Registered Dietitian and Body Image Therapist, I get how layered and frustrating this can feel. I understand the guilt, the self-blame, and that overwhelming sense that food somehow has power over you. You’re not alone—and you’re not broken. You deserve to feel comfortable.
(631) 769-9962 View (631) 769-9962
Kevin Scott Grodnitzky
Registered Dietitian, MS, RDN, CDE
New York, NY 10024
Frustrated with your weight? Lose weight, only to regain it? Exercising but not losing weight? Is your weight effecting your life, your confidence, and your ability to do certain things? If so, I am the Weight Loss Expert, specializing in working with adults over 40 years of age. If that's you, I can help you!
Frustrated with your weight? Lose weight, only to regain it? Exercising but not losing weight? Is your weight effecting your life, your confidence, and your ability to do certain things? If so, I am the Weight Loss Expert, specializing in working with adults over 40 years of age. If that's you, I can help you!
(914) 331-0435 View (914) 331-0435
Suzanne Fultz Nutrition, PLLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian
New City, NY 10956
Are you feeling confused or frustrated about what to eat and how to plan your meals to achieve a healthy weight and lifestyle? Do you feel like you have tried diet after diet but either see no results or revert back to your old habits? Do you feel like you have had little to no support while trying to improve your diet? Work with me to learn how to make a lifestyle change including adopting healthy habits, discovering your triggers and coping mechanisms. You will find that a healthy diet not only helps you achieve your health and weight goals but is also sustainable.
Are you feeling confused or frustrated about what to eat and how to plan your meals to achieve a healthy weight and lifestyle? Do you feel like you have tried diet after diet but either see no results or revert back to your old habits? Do you feel like you have had little to no support while trying to improve your diet? Work with me to learn how to make a lifestyle change including adopting healthy habits, discovering your triggers and coping mechanisms. You will find that a healthy diet not only helps you achieve your health and weight goals but is also sustainable.
(845) 479-5692 View (845) 479-5692
Erin Fleming
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Online Only
My ideal clients are individuals seeking practical nutrition support for diabetes, prediabetes, women’s health, gastrointestinal conditions, hypertension, high cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, and overall wellness. They often want realistic guidance that fits their lifestyle instead of restrictive plans. I provide personalized, evidence-based care focused on education, encouragement, and sustainable habits. Together, we create practical strategies that help clients improve their health, build confidence, and achieve lasting results.
My ideal clients are individuals seeking practical nutrition support for diabetes, prediabetes, women’s health, gastrointestinal conditions, hypertension, high cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, and overall wellness. They often want realistic guidance that fits their lifestyle instead of restrictive plans. I provide personalized, evidence-based care focused on education, encouragement, and sustainable habits. Together, we create practical strategies that help clients improve their health, build confidence, and achieve lasting results.
(708) 675-2729 View (708) 675-2729
Alexandra (Lexi) Orlan
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CDN
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Nearly 95 percent of my insurance clients pay $0 out of pocket for their sessions! I'm a Columbia University-trained Registered Dietitian. I specialize in gentle weight loss, gut health and digestion, diabetes, gestational diabetes, pregnancy nutrition, bariatric nutrition, and heart health. When we work together I'll give you the tools needed to feel confident in your food choices and in control around food. I'll guide you through creating a plan that works for YOU, based on your body's needs, lifestyle, and food preferences.
Nearly 95 percent of my insurance clients pay $0 out of pocket for their sessions! I'm a Columbia University-trained Registered Dietitian. I specialize in gentle weight loss, gut health and digestion, diabetes, gestational diabetes, pregnancy nutrition, bariatric nutrition, and heart health. When we work together I'll give you the tools needed to feel confident in your food choices and in control around food. I'll guide you through creating a plan that works for YOU, based on your body's needs, lifestyle, and food preferences.
(732) 379-1434 View (732) 379-1434
Pro Nutrition Counseling PLLC- Asal Hakim RD CDN
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CDN, CPT
Serves Area
Pro Nutrition Counseling PLLC., is a known health practice that provides nutritional counseling and approaches weight loss & healthy weight weight management in the setting of pre/post bariatric surgery, diabetes, eating disorders, oncology, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, gastrointestinal issues and other nutrition related diseases through patient-centered medical nutrition therapy & nutrition counseling. Giving you an abundance of practical tips and important resources for optimal eating and living, we use practical lifestyle and preventive approach to improving your health!
Pro Nutrition Counseling PLLC., is a known health practice that provides nutritional counseling and approaches weight loss & healthy weight weight management in the setting of pre/post bariatric surgery, diabetes, eating disorders, oncology, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, gastrointestinal issues and other nutrition related diseases through patient-centered medical nutrition therapy & nutrition counseling. Giving you an abundance of practical tips and important resources for optimal eating and living, we use practical lifestyle and preventive approach to improving your health!
(516) 407-7475 View (516) 407-7475
Amity Lui
Registered Dietitian, MS, RD
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Nearly 95 percent of my insurance clients pay $0 out of pocket for their sessions! When we work together I'll give you the tools needed to feel confident in your food choices and in control around food. I specialize in sports nutrition and eating disorders (including anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating). Whether you're looking to optimize athletic performance through nutrition, or trying to improve your relationship with food, I'm here to support you along the way. I'll guide you through creating a plan that works for YOU, based on your body's needs, lifestyle, and food preferences.
Nearly 95 percent of my insurance clients pay $0 out of pocket for their sessions! When we work together I'll give you the tools needed to feel confident in your food choices and in control around food. I specialize in sports nutrition and eating disorders (including anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating). Whether you're looking to optimize athletic performance through nutrition, or trying to improve your relationship with food, I'm here to support you along the way. I'll guide you through creating a plan that works for YOU, based on your body's needs, lifestyle, and food preferences.
(347) 970-8993 View (347) 970-8993
Chelsea Thomason
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CSOWM, CSG
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Chelsea’s ideal clients are individuals seeking support with weight management, women’s health, functional medicine, weight loss medications, or bariatric nutrition. They may feel overwhelmed by conflicting advice or frustrated with approaches that don’t fit their lifestyle. With over 11 years of clinical experience, Chelsea provides warm, practical, evidence-based care focused on realistic goals and sustainable strategies. Together, clients build healthier habits and achieve lasting results without relying on quick fixes.
Chelsea’s ideal clients are individuals seeking support with weight management, women’s health, functional medicine, weight loss medications, or bariatric nutrition. They may feel overwhelmed by conflicting advice or frustrated with approaches that don’t fit their lifestyle. With over 11 years of clinical experience, Chelsea provides warm, practical, evidence-based care focused on realistic goals and sustainable strategies. Together, clients build healthier habits and achieve lasting results without relying on quick fixes.
(503) 476-9782 View (503) 476-9782
Lisa D Ellis
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LCSW, CEDS-C
White Plains, NY 10605
Food issues and eating disorders are rarely resolved through diet support alone. Using techniques developed over 30+ years of practice, I help clients uncover the underlying triggers that lead to problematic relationships with eating. Understanding the reasons my clients use food to comfort and self-soothe is an important part of developing balanced, intuitive eating strategies that can guide them toward making the sort of choices that help them nourish themselves on all levels. My goal, then, is to help patients establish healthy ways of relating to food while improving their relationships with their own bodies.
Food issues and eating disorders are rarely resolved through diet support alone. Using techniques developed over 30+ years of practice, I help clients uncover the underlying triggers that lead to problematic relationships with eating. Understanding the reasons my clients use food to comfort and self-soothe is an important part of developing balanced, intuitive eating strategies that can guide them toward making the sort of choices that help them nourish themselves on all levels. My goal, then, is to help patients establish healthy ways of relating to food while improving their relationships with their own bodies.
(914) 288-5657 View (914) 288-5657
Alyssa Glasser
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CPT
Online Only
I work with adults who have ADHD and feel overwhelmed by managing emotions, energy levels, and daily tasks. They struggle with consistency in both nutrition and life routines. They’re looking for holistic support that addresses both their physical and emotional needs—whether it’s building sustainable nutrition habits, improving focus, or creating routines that actually stick. Their goal is to feel more balanced, confident, and in control of their health and life, without being overwhelmed or feeling like they’re constantly behind. They want personalized guidance that fits their unique brain and body, so they can thrive.
I work with adults who have ADHD and feel overwhelmed by managing emotions, energy levels, and daily tasks. They struggle with consistency in both nutrition and life routines. They’re looking for holistic support that addresses both their physical and emotional needs—whether it’s building sustainable nutrition habits, improving focus, or creating routines that actually stick. Their goal is to feel more balanced, confident, and in control of their health and life, without being overwhelmed or feeling like they’re constantly behind. They want personalized guidance that fits their unique brain and body, so they can thrive.
(862) 415-0502 View (862) 415-0502
James Striano
Nutritionist/Dietitian, CN, DC
Yonkers, NY 10710
Digestive problems, endocrine system issues, chronic pathogen issues such as Lyme and Leaky Gut, allergies, asthma and hormone imbalances.
Digestive problems, endocrine system issues, chronic pathogen issues such as Lyme and Leaky Gut, allergies, asthma and hormone imbalances.
(914) 685-9677 View (914) 685-9677
Justine M Roth
Registered Dietitian, MS, RD, CEDRD
Serves Area
I am an experienced Registered Dietitian, specializing in the treatment of eating disorders for adults, adolescents, and children. I am currently the director of the nutrition department at the NYS Psychiatric Institute, an in-patient treatment unit at Columbia University Medical Center. My philosophy is founded on the principle that being healthy does not require dieting or deprivation. We will work towards creating a healthy relationship with food by normalizing eating behaviors and developing the skills to make mindful decisions about food and your body.
I am an experienced Registered Dietitian, specializing in the treatment of eating disorders for adults, adolescents, and children. I am currently the director of the nutrition department at the NYS Psychiatric Institute, an in-patient treatment unit at Columbia University Medical Center. My philosophy is founded on the principle that being healthy does not require dieting or deprivation. We will work towards creating a healthy relationship with food by normalizing eating behaviors and developing the skills to make mindful decisions about food and your body.
(732) 654-2060 View (732) 654-2060
Emily Turitzin
Registered Dietitian, MS, RD, CDN, LDN, CNSC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Licensed in: AZ, CA, CO, MA, MI, NY, RI, VA
Licensed in: AZ, CA, CO, MA, MI, NY, RI, VA
(347) 970-2230 View (347) 970-2230
Janet Zarowitz
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDN
Ossining, NY 10562
"Has it been a while since you felt well? Are you looking to manage your symptoms in the short term + heal in the long term?" As an Integrative and Functional Nutritionist + Certified LEAP Therapist, I work to uncover underlying root causes for your health conditions. A variety of symptoms can be traced to poor gut health. Whatever the root cause, I blend whole-food therapies, targeted nutrition supplements, + lifestyle changes to support your body's ability to heal + feel better. My approach is thorough + detailed. I utilize current health information, lab work, food logs, + track your historical health record and symptoms.
"Has it been a while since you felt well? Are you looking to manage your symptoms in the short term + heal in the long term?" As an Integrative and Functional Nutritionist + Certified LEAP Therapist, I work to uncover underlying root causes for your health conditions. A variety of symptoms can be traced to poor gut health. Whatever the root cause, I blend whole-food therapies, targeted nutrition supplements, + lifestyle changes to support your body's ability to heal + feel better. My approach is thorough + detailed. I utilize current health information, lab work, food logs, + track your historical health record and symptoms.
(914) 595-2833 View (914) 595-2833
Jillian Tuchman
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Online Only
I help adults who are struggling with chronic or complex health conditions and persistent symptoms that are affecting their quality of life. This may include IBS, Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's, GERD, POTS/dysautonomia, MCAS, hormonal concerns, and other overlapping health conditions. You may have tried different approaches without getting the improvement you hoped for, or feel overwhelmed by conflicting information about what you should be doing. I help you understand the factors that may be contributing to your symptoms and develop an individualized plan to move forward.
I help adults who are struggling with chronic or complex health conditions and persistent symptoms that are affecting their quality of life. This may include IBS, Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's, GERD, POTS/dysautonomia, MCAS, hormonal concerns, and other overlapping health conditions. You may have tried different approaches without getting the improvement you hoped for, or feel overwhelmed by conflicting information about what you should be doing. I help you understand the factors that may be contributing to your symptoms and develop an individualized plan to move forward.
(551) 257-2215 View (551) 257-2215
FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians

How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in Chappaqua?

To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.

When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.

What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?

The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.

A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.

In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.

When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.

Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.

Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.

How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.

Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?

If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.

Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.