Nutritionists and Dietitians in 97213

Photo of Paige A Handler, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Paige A Handler
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I believe in an All Foods Fit Philosophy, and take a non-diet approach to meal planning by incorporating the principles of Intuitive Eating. I enjoy working with clients who are motivated to change their relationship with food. We live in a world full of pressure around food and ideas around "good and bad" and "should and shouldn't." If you want to go the anti-diet route and heal your relationship with food and your body or if you are looking to stop the diet cycling then you may enjoy working together as well.
I believe in an All Foods Fit Philosophy, and take a non-diet approach to meal planning by incorporating the principles of Intuitive Eating. I enjoy working with clients who are motivated to change their relationship with food. We live in a world full of pressure around food and ideas around "good and bad" and "should and shouldn't." If you want to go the anti-diet route and heal your relationship with food and your body or if you are looking to stop the diet cycling then you may enjoy working together as well.
(424) 361-0174 View (424) 361-0174
Photo of Rachael Biggers, Nutritionist/Dietitian, LDN, RDN
Rachael Biggers
Nutritionist/Dietitian, LDN, RDN
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97213
Rachael is a Registered Dietitian who is passionate about helping others to develop a joyful and harmonious relationship with food. She understands that ones relationship with food and body is deeply personal and wants to work alongside you in partnership, meeting you where you are at in your health journey. Rachael’s approach is integrative and holistic, focusing on finding balance, sustainability, and most importantly, enjoyment in food. She believes in connecting with clients on a personal level to understand their unique lifestyle, background, and challenges, allowing for her to provide truly individualized support.
Rachael is a Registered Dietitian who is passionate about helping others to develop a joyful and harmonious relationship with food. She understands that ones relationship with food and body is deeply personal and wants to work alongside you in partnership, meeting you where you are at in your health journey. Rachael’s approach is integrative and holistic, focusing on finding balance, sustainability, and most importantly, enjoyment in food. She believes in connecting with clients on a personal level to understand their unique lifestyle, background, and challenges, allowing for her to provide truly individualized support.
(786) 686-0434 View (786) 686-0434
Photo of Patty Fahlstrom - Bloom Health & Wellness Promotion, LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Bloom Health & Wellness Promotion, LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian
Verified Verified
Serves Area
The Bloom team provides simple, sustainable non-diet nutrition & lifestyle tools for your hormone health and eating disorder recovery. Our highly trained and specialized nutrition therapists and coaches offer a variety of services including but not limited to: disordered eating, eating disorder care, PCOS and menopause support. We believe that all bodies are good bodies and all bodies deserve exceptional care.
The Bloom team provides simple, sustainable non-diet nutrition & lifestyle tools for your hormone health and eating disorder recovery. Our highly trained and specialized nutrition therapists and coaches offer a variety of services including but not limited to: disordered eating, eating disorder care, PCOS and menopause support. We believe that all bodies are good bodies and all bodies deserve exceptional care.
(541) 515-7902 View (541) 515-7902
Photo of Anne Suelzer, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Anne Suelzer
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Anne is passionate about working collaboratively with clients to help them make healthy and sustainable diet changes that support their lifestyle and hormonal health. She understands food’s crucial role in balancing hormones and believes in the power of evidence-based research to guide her practice. Anne is particularly interested in the gut-brain connection and how it influences overall well-being. She emphasizes the importance of consuming whole foods that nourish the body and believes that access to nutritious food should be available to all.
Anne is passionate about working collaboratively with clients to help them make healthy and sustainable diet changes that support their lifestyle and hormonal health. She understands food’s crucial role in balancing hormones and believes in the power of evidence-based research to guide her practice. Anne is particularly interested in the gut-brain connection and how it influences overall well-being. She emphasizes the importance of consuming whole foods that nourish the body and believes that access to nutritious food should be available to all.
(332) 244-2046 View (332) 244-2046
Photo of Hilary Cole, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CEDS
Hilary Cole
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CEDS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hilary (she/her) is an anti-diet registered dietitian and practices from a mental health and trauma-informed lens. She utilizes a Health at Every Size philosophy and emphasizes All Foods Fit with principles of Intuitive Eating to help clients remove guilt and shame and to start building and positive and healthy relationship with food and their bodies. Through compassionate and collaborative care, she will help you understand your eating behaviors, patterns, and thoughts on a deeper level.
Hilary (she/her) is an anti-diet registered dietitian and practices from a mental health and trauma-informed lens. She utilizes a Health at Every Size philosophy and emphasizes All Foods Fit with principles of Intuitive Eating to help clients remove guilt and shame and to start building and positive and healthy relationship with food and their bodies. Through compassionate and collaborative care, she will help you understand your eating behaviors, patterns, and thoughts on a deeper level.
(619) 375-5143 View (619) 375-5143

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Photo of Courtney P Rayppy, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Courtney P Rayppy
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I believe in empowering my clients to achieve their wellness goals through personalized, evidence-based nutrition coaching. Say goodbye to fad diets and hello to a sustainable, healthy lifestyle!
I believe in empowering my clients to achieve their wellness goals through personalized, evidence-based nutrition coaching. Say goodbye to fad diets and hello to a sustainable, healthy lifestyle!
(541) 919-5630 View (541) 919-5630
Photo of Alli Williams, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
Alli Williams
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Let's connect virtually! As a Registered Dietitian I am passionate about empowering individuals in enhancing their relationship with food, particularly those who may be managing a medical condition. I often advocate for respectful and appropriate healthcare for all bodies. My approach emphasizes building strong relationships to uncover the root causes of your nutrition needs.​
Let's connect virtually! As a Registered Dietitian I am passionate about empowering individuals in enhancing their relationship with food, particularly those who may be managing a medical condition. I often advocate for respectful and appropriate healthcare for all bodies. My approach emphasizes building strong relationships to uncover the root causes of your nutrition needs.​
(971) 387-7101 View (971) 387-7101
Photo of Kari Natwick - Kari Natwick Nutrition, LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD, IFNCP, CGN
Kari Natwick Nutrition, LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD, IFNCP, CGN
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Are digestive issues holding you back from the life you desire? Are you grappling with symptoms like diarrhea, constipation, bloating, gas, abdominal pain, reflux, or have been diagnosed with conditions like SIBO, IBS, IBD, or GERD? If so, it's time to reclaim your digestive health.
Are digestive issues holding you back from the life you desire? Are you grappling with symptoms like diarrhea, constipation, bloating, gas, abdominal pain, reflux, or have been diagnosed with conditions like SIBO, IBS, IBD, or GERD? If so, it's time to reclaim your digestive health.
(503) 506-7955 View (503) 506-7955
Photo of Ruth Thompson Murillo, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LD
Ruth Thompson Murillo
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97229
I am a registered dietitian with over 13 years of experience helping individuals make lifestyle changes to improve their health and achieve their goals. I practice with empathy and understanding in a nonjudgmental environment where you can truly be yourself and trust that you will be fully supported.
I am a registered dietitian with over 13 years of experience helping individuals make lifestyle changes to improve their health and achieve their goals. I practice with empathy and understanding in a nonjudgmental environment where you can truly be yourself and trust that you will be fully supported.
(310) 340-7226 View (310) 340-7226
Photo of Nancy Woo, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPH, CN
Nancy Woo
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPH, CN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Our bodies are our first homes. And yet, the struggle to belong in our skin and bones is widespread. From an early age, we are taught to mistrust our bodies; tune out its sensations and longings. We exile the parts of us that society deems unsavory to the point where the pain, grief, and loneliness of not belonging feel like our only option. You are here because you know you deserve to belong in your body. I am here to witness your journey toward building a loving and embodied relationship with yourself and the world around you.
Our bodies are our first homes. And yet, the struggle to belong in our skin and bones is widespread. From an early age, we are taught to mistrust our bodies; tune out its sensations and longings. We exile the parts of us that society deems unsavory to the point where the pain, grief, and loneliness of not belonging feel like our only option. You are here because you know you deserve to belong in your body. I am here to witness your journey toward building a loving and embodied relationship with yourself and the world around you.
(425) 217-5102 View (425) 217-5102
Photo of Anna A Bohnengel - Fertility Nutritionist, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LD
Fertility Nutritionist
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97211
You're ready to make a baby. Maybe you're a pretty healthy eater, but haven't narrowed in on the nutrients specific for fertility. Maybe you're getting some help with IUI or IVF and assumed what you eat doesn't make much difference at this stage of the game. Maybe you've got PCOS or endometriosis and didn't know that you can heal your hormones and get pregnant more easily with the right nutrition plan. Reality check! If you don't have your nutrition honed in, you'll waste precious time and spend more agonizing months without your baby. I provide personalized nutrition plans to get you pregnant more quickly & easily - at any age!
You're ready to make a baby. Maybe you're a pretty healthy eater, but haven't narrowed in on the nutrients specific for fertility. Maybe you're getting some help with IUI or IVF and assumed what you eat doesn't make much difference at this stage of the game. Maybe you've got PCOS or endometriosis and didn't know that you can heal your hormones and get pregnant more easily with the right nutrition plan. Reality check! If you don't have your nutrition honed in, you'll waste precious time and spend more agonizing months without your baby. I provide personalized nutrition plans to get you pregnant more quickly & easily - at any age!
(503) 483-6601 View (503) 483-6601
Photo of Jessianna Saville, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CSR, LD, CLT
Jessianna Saville
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CSR, LD, CLT
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Autoimmune kidney disease, CKD stages 3-5, PKD, and complex kidney disease are my specialty. You have likely spent hours on the internet researching and still are feel confused or feel overwhelmed by putting all the pieces together. If that is you, you've come to the right place for help. From shopping lists to healthy recipes you can have the information and tools needed to find success. My clients tell me it is the best thing they’ve done for themselves in their kidney health journey. You can preserve your kidney function so that you can avoid or push back the possibilities of dialysis or other invasive procedures..
Autoimmune kidney disease, CKD stages 3-5, PKD, and complex kidney disease are my specialty. You have likely spent hours on the internet researching and still are feel confused or feel overwhelmed by putting all the pieces together. If that is you, you've come to the right place for help. From shopping lists to healthy recipes you can have the information and tools needed to find success. My clients tell me it is the best thing they’ve done for themselves in their kidney health journey. You can preserve your kidney function so that you can avoid or push back the possibilities of dialysis or other invasive procedures..
(443) 917-3889 View (443) 917-3889
Photo of Jamie Menzel, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MScN, CNS, CN, LD
Jamie Menzel
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MScN, CNS, CN, LD
Verified Verified
Online Only
Sword Fern Nutrition is dedicated to providing physical and mental-health focused nutrition care in a client-centered way, using the art and science of food as medicine. As a functional nutritionist, Jamie aims to support her clients in a holistic way, celebrating the natural diversity of the human body and mind and personalizing recommendations to address complex health challenges using a root-cause approach. With a combination of empathetic listening, years of clinical experience, and a passion for research, Jamie provides personalized nutrition care in support of each of her client's unique health goals.
Sword Fern Nutrition is dedicated to providing physical and mental-health focused nutrition care in a client-centered way, using the art and science of food as medicine. As a functional nutritionist, Jamie aims to support her clients in a holistic way, celebrating the natural diversity of the human body and mind and personalizing recommendations to address complex health challenges using a root-cause approach. With a combination of empathetic listening, years of clinical experience, and a passion for research, Jamie provides personalized nutrition care in support of each of her client's unique health goals.
(971) 451-3298 View (971) 451-3298
Photo of Kristina Stravinskaite, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Kristina Stravinskaite
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Verified Verified
Online Only
Kristina (she/her) is a Registered Dietitian and Certified Intuitive Eating Counselor who has dedicated her life to helping individuals who are healing their relationship with food and body. Her expertise expands to helping individuals recovering from eating disorders, disordered eating, chronic dieting and co-occurring mood disorders. Kristina believes in weight inclusive care, anti-diet approach and Health at Every Size. Kristina strives to create a safe environment for growth and healing by utilizing trauma informed principles. Kristina approaches health from emotional, physical, and mental well being.
Kristina (she/her) is a Registered Dietitian and Certified Intuitive Eating Counselor who has dedicated her life to helping individuals who are healing their relationship with food and body. Her expertise expands to helping individuals recovering from eating disorders, disordered eating, chronic dieting and co-occurring mood disorders. Kristina believes in weight inclusive care, anti-diet approach and Health at Every Size. Kristina strives to create a safe environment for growth and healing by utilizing trauma informed principles. Kristina approaches health from emotional, physical, and mental well being.
(224) 432-6416 View (224) 432-6416
Photo of Julie Oconnor, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, CN
Julie Oconnor
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, CNS, CN
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97214
I help people struggling with metabolic syndrome, digestive issues, anxiety, fatigue, burnout, and mental health stress related to food, food addiction and cravings. I also specialize in nutrition to support brain function, longevity and healthspan. My aim is to guide you through my nutrition care process to get to the core of your symptoms (root-cause approach) and provide an actionable roadmap to relief.
I help people struggling with metabolic syndrome, digestive issues, anxiety, fatigue, burnout, and mental health stress related to food, food addiction and cravings. I also specialize in nutrition to support brain function, longevity and healthspan. My aim is to guide you through my nutrition care process to get to the core of your symptoms (root-cause approach) and provide an actionable roadmap to relief.
(503) 832-5144 View (503) 832-5144
Photo of Zednia Linares - NW Dietitian , Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
NW Dietitian
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Gresham, OR 97030
Food is one of the most important tools we have in managing and reducing our risk of chronic disease. I help you cultivate healthy nutrition and lifestyle habits as it relates to your individual health and nutrition goals.
Food is one of the most important tools we have in managing and reducing our risk of chronic disease. I help you cultivate healthy nutrition and lifestyle habits as it relates to your individual health and nutrition goals.
(503) 743-6304 View (503) 743-6304
Photo of Ariela Nielson - Nielson Nutrition & Diabetes Care, LLC, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDCES, LD, CD
Nielson Nutrition & Diabetes Care, LLC
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDCES, LD, CD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97203
Managing diabetes is a full time job, but what if there was a way to simplify it? Having type 1 diabetes myself, I aim to help you reduce the burden of living with diabetes through education and technology. I provide holistic care to help you balance all areas of health, and collaborate with you and your healthcare team to create a personalized management plan.
Managing diabetes is a full time job, but what if there was a way to simplify it? Having type 1 diabetes myself, I aim to help you reduce the burden of living with diabetes through education and technology. I provide holistic care to help you balance all areas of health, and collaborate with you and your healthcare team to create a personalized management plan.
(971) 298-7784 View (971) 298-7784
Photo of Danielle Hendrix, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CEDS
Danielle Hendrix
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CEDS
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Danielle is a Registered Dietitian who practices out of Health Loft. Danielle understands that making fulfilling, long-lasting, and healthful decisions requires patience and a solid client-provider relationship. Change can be challenging, and you need a supportive provider to help navigate the way as you create your own path. Danielle strongly believes that being healthy means not only taking care of our physical health, but also our mental health. Danielle understands that nutrition is not “one-size-fits-all”, and she will work to help you create a personalized plan of care to help you meet your goals.
Danielle is a Registered Dietitian who practices out of Health Loft. Danielle understands that making fulfilling, long-lasting, and healthful decisions requires patience and a solid client-provider relationship. Change can be challenging, and you need a supportive provider to help navigate the way as you create your own path. Danielle strongly believes that being healthy means not only taking care of our physical health, but also our mental health. Danielle understands that nutrition is not “one-size-fits-all”, and she will work to help you create a personalized plan of care to help you meet your goals.
(470) 397-5913 View (470) 397-5913
Photo of Kaitlin Mueller - Wholesome Health, Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD, CD, CDCES
Wholesome Health
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LD, CD, CDCES
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97219
I love helping my clients achieve their ideal weight and manage any chronic health conditions. Nutrition is not one-size-fits-all, so I really spend the time getting to know my clients and offer a personalized plan that will work for you. If going in one direction doesn't work for you, we will regroup and try something else until we find a way to help you live your best possible life while still enjoying what you eat. I also offer meal planning services, complete with grocery lists and recipes!
I love helping my clients achieve their ideal weight and manage any chronic health conditions. Nutrition is not one-size-fits-all, so I really spend the time getting to know my clients and offer a personalized plan that will work for you. If going in one direction doesn't work for you, we will regroup and try something else until we find a way to help you live your best possible life while still enjoying what you eat. I also offer meal planning services, complete with grocery lists and recipes!
(971) 260-4461 View (971) 260-4461
Photo of Nadia Pugh, Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Nadia Pugh
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97221
Nadia is passionate about women’s health, PCOS, fertility, thyroid and autoimmune disorders, renal health, and diabetes management. Her holistic approach focuses on individualized nutrition plans that cater to your unique needs and goals. She emphasizes that there’s no one-size-fits-all diet and aims to empower you with healthy eating habits that resonate with your preferences. Whether you’re addressing imbalances, seeking better habits, or enhancing your relationship with food, Nadia is committed to providing personalized support and practical advice for lasting well-being.
Nadia is passionate about women’s health, PCOS, fertility, thyroid and autoimmune disorders, renal health, and diabetes management. Her holistic approach focuses on individualized nutrition plans that cater to your unique needs and goals. She emphasizes that there’s no one-size-fits-all diet and aims to empower you with healthy eating habits that resonate with your preferences. Whether you’re addressing imbalances, seeking better habits, or enhancing your relationship with food, Nadia is committed to providing personalized support and practical advice for lasting well-being.
(904) 650-5357 View (904) 650-5357

See more therapy options for 97213

FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians

How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in 97213?

To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.

When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.

What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?

The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.

A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.

In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.

When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.

Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.

Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.

How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.

Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?

If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.

Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.